Russian trade with Hungary in the 3rd quarter of 2016
December 09, 2016
by Russian Foreign Trade
based on data from the Federal Customs Service of Russia
based on data from the Federal Customs Service of Russia
The Report on Russia’s foreign trade in goods with Hungary in the third quarter of 2016: exports, imports, products, dynamics.
Russia’s Trade with Hungary
In the 3rd quarter of 2016, Russia’s trade with Hungary totaled $1,116,657,613, up 9.76% ($99,279,494) from the 3rd quarter of 2015.
Russia’s exports to Hungary in the 3rd quarter of 2016 totaled $698,023,770, up 19.91% ($115,907,753) from the 3rd quarter of 2015.
Russia’s imports from Hungary in the 3rd quarter of 2016 were $418,633,843, down 3.82% ($16,628,259) from the 3rd quarter of 2015.
Russia’s trade surplus with Hungary in the 3rd quarter of 2016 was $279,389,927, a 90.25% increase ($132,536,012) over the 3rd quarter of 2015.
Hungary was Russia’s 25th largest trading partner in the 3rd quarter of 2016 (down from 23rd in the 3rd quarter of 2015), accounting for 0.9159% of Russia’s total trade (up from 0.8016% in the 3rd quarter of 2015).
Hungary was Russia’s 23rd largest export market in the 3rd quarter of 2016 (up from 27th in the 3rd quarter of 2015), accounting for 0.9702% of Russia’s total exports (up from 0.7320% in the 3rd quarter of 2015).
Hungary was Russia’s 28th largest supplier in the 3rd quarter of 2016 (down from 24th in the 3rd quarter of 2015), accounting for 0.8376% of Russia’s total imports (down from 0.9185% in the 3rd quarter of 2015).
Russia’s Exports to Hungary
The major share of Russian exports to Hungary in the 3rd quarter of 2016 (and in the 3rd quarter of 2015) was accounted for the following product types:
- Mineral products (HS codes 25-27) - 82.70% of Russia’s total exports to Hungary (81.59% in the 3rd quarter of 2015);
- Chemical products (HS codes 28-40) - 9.02% of Russia’s total exports to Hungary (13.63% in the 3rd quarter of 2015);
- Machinery, equipment and vehicles (HS codes 84-90) - 6.50% of Russia’s total exports to Hungary (1.10% in the 3rd quarter of 2015);
- Metals and products from them (HS codes 72-83) - 0.62% of Russia’s total exports to Hungary (2.55% in the 3rd quarter of 2015).
The largest gains in Russia’s exports to Hungary in the 3rd quarter of 2016 over the 3rd quarter of 2015 were recorded for the following product groups:
- Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminous substances; mineral waxes (HS code 27) - an increase of $97,791,319;
- Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof (HS code 84) - an increase of $38,817,950;
- Ores, slag and ash (HS code 26) - an increase of $4,395,882.
The largest declines in Russia’s exports to Hungary in the 3rd quarter of 2016 over the 3rd quarter of 2015 were recorded for the following product groups:
- Rubber and articles thereof (HS code 40) - a decrease of $10,782,632;
- Iron and steel (HS code 72) - a decrease of $8,502,289;
- Fertilizers (HS code 31) - a decrease of $5,914,971.
| HS code |
Name of product group | Value of exports in Q3 2016, US dollars ($) |
Percent share in total export | Value of exports in Q3 2015, US dollars ($) |
Percent change in Q3 2016 over Q3 2015 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 05 | Products of animal origin, not elsewhere specified or included | 150,829 | 0.02 | 0 | ∞ |
| 07 | Edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers | 171,729 | 0.02 | 0 | ∞ |
| 09 | Coffee, tea, maté and spices | 50,748 | 0.01 | 16,729 | 203.35 |
| 10 | Cereals | 4,345 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 12 | Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits; miscellaneous grains, seeds and fruits; industrial or medicinal plants; straw and fodder | 33,865 | 0.00 | 34,152 | -0.84 |
| 21 | Miscellaneous edible preparations | 23,031 | 0.00 | 33,095 | -30.41 |
| 22 | Beverages, spirits and vinegar | 83,403 | 0.01 | 30,603 | 172.53 |
| 23 | Residues and waste from the food industries; prepared animal feed | 0 | 0.00 | 106,827 | -100.00 |
| 24 | Tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes | 33,896 | 0.00 | 42,994 | -21.16 |
| 25 | Salt; sulfur; earths and stone; plastering materials, lime and cement | 129,068 | 0.02 | 10,539 | 1,124.67 |
| 26 | Ores, slag and ash | 6,516,569 | 0.93 | 2,120,687 | 207.29 |
| 27 | Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminous substances; mineral waxes | 570,617,984 | 81.75 | 472,826,665 | 20.68 |
| 28 | Inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, of rare-earth metals,of radioactive elements or of isotopes | 16,432,326 | 2.35 | 15,521,954 | 5.87 |
| 29 | Organic chemicals | 12,190,663 | 1.75 | 14,245,381 | -14.42 |
| 30 | Pharmaceutical products | 158,048 | 0.02 | 220,529 | -28.33 |
| 31 | Fertilizers | 4,732,274 | 0.68 | 10,647,245 | -55.55 |
| 32 | Tanning or dyeing extracts; dyes, pigments, paints, varnishes, putty and mastics | 3,064 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 33 | Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery, cosmetic or toilet preparations | 632,637 | 0.09 | 365,868 | 72.91 |
| 34 | Soap, organic surface-active agents, washing preparations, lubricating preparations, artificial waxes, prepared waxes, polishing or scouring preparations, candles and similar articles, modeling pastes, "dental waxes" and dental preparations with a basis of plaster | 73,757 | 0.01 | 52,758 | 39.80 |
| 38 | Miscellaneous chemical products | 340,857 | 0.05 | 5,267 | 6,371.56 |
| 39 | Plastics and articles thereof | 1,163,253 | 0.17 | 226,722 | 413.07 |
| 40 | Rubber and articles thereof | 27,253,731 | 3.90 | 38,036,363 | -28.35 |
| 41 | Raw hides and skins (other than furskins) and leather | 136,060 | 0.02 | 78,542 | 73.23 |
| 42 | Articles of leather; saddlery and harness; travel goods, handbags and similar containers; articles of animal gut (other than silkworm gut) | 96 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 44 | Wood and articles of wood; wood charcoal | 2,761,427 | 0.40 | 1,938,252 | 42.47 |
| 45 | Cork and articles of cork | 0 | 0.00 | 65 | -100.00 |
| 47 | Pulp of wood or of other fibrous cellulosic material; waste and scrap of paper or paperboard | 1,049,641 | 0.15 | 397,165 | 164.28 |
| 48 | Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, of paper or of paperboard | 592,254 | 0.08 | 46,244 | 1,180.72 |
| 49 | Printed books, newspapers, pictures and other products of the printing industry; manuscripts, typescripts and plans | 2,689 | 0.00 | 6,930 | -61.20 |
| 52 | Cotton | 131,420 | 0.02 | 0 | ∞ |
| 56 | Wadding, felt and nonwovens; special yarns, twine, cordage, ropes and cables and articles thereof | 17 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 58 | Special woven fabrics; tufted textile fabrics; lace, tapestries; trimmings; embroidery | 2 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 59 | Impregnated, coated, covered or laminated textile fabrics; textile articles of a kind suitable for industrial use | 37 | 0.00 | 1,879 | -98.03 |
| 61 | Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, knitted or crocheted | 122 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 62 | Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, not knitted or crocheted | 2,742 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 63 | Other made up textile articles; sets; worn clothing and worn textile articles; rags | 4,864 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 64 | Footwear, gaiters and the like; parts of such articles | 41 | 0.00 | 1,399 | -97.07 |
| 65 | Headgear and parts thereof | 26,813 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 68 | Articles of stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, mica or similar materials | 453,629 | 0.06 | 515,687 | -12.03 |
| 69 | Ceramic products | 418 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 70 | Glass and glassware | 259,240 | 0.04 | 32,606 | 695.07 |
| 72 | Iron and steel | 1,325,555 | 0.19 | 9,827,844 | -86.51 |
| 73 | Articles of iron or steel | 178,630 | 0.03 | 705,837 | -74.69 |
| 74 | Copper and articles thereof | 896 | 0.00 | 617 | 45.22 |
| 75 | Nickel and articles thereof | 2,394,356 | 0.34 | 2,642,697 | -9.40 |
| 76 | Aluminum and articles thereof | 398,703 | 0.06 | 1,553,227 | -74.33 |
| 81 | Other base metals; cermets; articles thereof | 4,638 | 0.00 | 2,936 | 57.97 |
| 82 | Tools, implements, cutlery, spoons and forks, of base metal; parts thereof of base metal | 3,876 | 0.00 | 639 | 506.57 |
| 83 | Miscellaneous articles of base metal | 0 | 0.00 | 108,515 | -100.00 |
| 84 | Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof | 41,125,766 | 5.89 | 2,307,816 | 1,682.02 |
| 85 | Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound recorders and reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts and accessories of such articles | 2,714,084 | 0.39 | 1,389,960 | 95.26 |
| 86 | Railway or tramway locomotives, rolling-stock and parts thereof; railway or tramway track fixtures and fittings and parts thereof; mechanical (including electro-mechanical) traffic signalling equipment of all kinds | 86,502 | 0.01 | 24,632 | 251.18 |
| 87 | Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling stock, and parts and accessories thereof | 800,283 | 0.11 | 527,371 | 51.75 |
| 90 | Optical, photographic, cinematographic, measuring, checking, precision, medical or surgical instruments and apparatus; parts and accessories thereof | 625,710 | 0.09 | 2,181,192 | -71.31 |
| 92 | Musical instruments; parts and accessories of such articles | 490 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 94 | Furniture; bedding, mattresses, mattress supports, cushions and similar stuffed furnishings; lamps and lighting fittings, not elsewhere specified or included; illuminated sign illuminated nameplates and the like; prefabricated buildings | 1,471,426 | 0.21 | 3,259,518 | -54.86 |
| 95 | Toys, games and sports requisites; parts and accessories thereof | 9,958 | 0.00 | 20,069 | -50.38 |
| 96 | Miscellaneous manufactured articles | 637,094 | 0.09 | 0 | ∞ |
| 97 | Works of art, collectors’ pieces and antiques | 11,593 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| SS | Classified | 16,621 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
Russia’s Imports from Hungary
The major share of Russian imports from Hungary in the 3rd quarter of 2016 (and in the 3rd quarter of 2015) was accounted for the following product types:
- Machinery, equipment and vehicles (HS codes 84-90) - 39.23% of Russia’s total imports from Hungary (38.79% in the 3rd quarter of 2015);
- Chemical products (HS codes 28-40) - 33.53% of Russia’s total imports from Hungary (31.43% in the 3rd quarter of 2015);
- Food products and agricultural raw materials (HS codes 01-24) - 9.93% of Russia’s total imports from Hungary (8.00% in the 3rd quarter of 2015);
- Metals and products from them (HS codes 72-83) - 3.27% of Russia’s total imports from Hungary (3.80% in the 3rd quarter of 2015);
- Textiles, textile products and footwear (HS codes 50-67) - 2.90% of Russia’s total imports from Hungary (3.51% in the 3rd quarter of 2015);
- Wood and wood products (HS codes 44-49) - 1.11% of Russia’s total imports from Hungary (0.93% in the 3rd quarter of 2015).
The largest gains in Russia’s imports from Hungary in the 3rd quarter of 2016 over the 3rd quarter of 2015 were recorded for the following product groups:
- Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof (HS code 84) - an increase of $16,368,524;
- Cereals (HS code 10) - an increase of $5,706,783;
- Organic chemicals (HS code 29) - an increase of $4,819,025;
- Cocoa and cocoa preparations (HS code 18) - an increase of $1,909,120;
- Residues and waste from the food industries; prepared animal feed (HS code 23) - an increase of $1,356,365.
The largest declines in Russia’s imports from Hungary in the 3rd quarter of 2016 over the 3rd quarter of 2015 were recorded for the following product groups:
- Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound recorders and reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts and accessories of such articles (HS code 85) - a decrease of $12,199,950;
- Miscellaneous manufactured articles (HS code 96) - a decrease of $9,824,011;
- Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling stock, and parts and accessories thereof (HS code 87) - a decrease of $8,511,024;
- Furniture; bedding, mattresses, mattress supports, cushions and similar stuffed furnishings; lamps and lighting fittings, not elsewhere specified or included; illuminated sign illuminated nameplates and the like; prefabricated buildings (HS code 94) - a decrease of $8,433,052;
- Pharmaceutical products (HS code 30) - a decrease of $4,147,711;
- Wadding, felt and nonwovens; special yarns, twine, cordage, ropes and cables and articles thereof (HS code 56) - a decrease of $3,889,269;
- Miscellaneous articles of base metal (HS code 83) - a decrease of $1,701,444;
- Aluminum and articles thereof (HS code 76) - a decrease of $1,635,900;
- Dairy produce; birds eggs; natural honey; edible products of animal origin, not elsewhere specified or included (HS code 04) - a decrease of $1,632,833.
| HS code |
Name of product group | Value of imports in Q3 2016, US dollars ($) |
Percent share in total import | Value of imports in Q3 2015, US dollars ($) |
Percent change in Q3 2016 over Q3 2015 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01 | Live animals | 1,338,740 | 0.32 | 731,283 | 83.07 |
| 02 | Meat and edible meat offal | 1,005,708 | 0.24 | 509,145 | 97.53 |
| 04 | Dairy produce; birds eggs; natural honey; edible products of animal origin, not elsewhere specified or included | 1,334,759 | 0.32 | 2,967,592 | -55.02 |
| 05 | Products of animal origin, not elsewhere specified or included | 0 | 0.00 | 29,588 | -100.00 |
| 06 | Live trees and other plants; bulbs, roots and the like; cut flowers and ornamental foliage | 101,186 | 0.02 | 363,691 | -72.18 |
| 09 | Coffee, tea, maté and spices | 38 | 0.00 | 15,139 | -99.75 |
| 10 | Cereals | 5,706,783 | 1.36 | 0 | ∞ |
| 11 | Products of the milling industry; malt; starches; inulin; wheat gluten | 0 | 0.00 | 4,657 | -100.00 |
| 12 | Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits; miscellaneous grains, seeds and fruits; industrial or medicinal plants; straw and fodder | 143,786 | 0.03 | 156,043 | -7.85 |
| 15 | Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their cleavage products prepared edible fats; animal or vegetable waxes | 66,409 | 0.02 | 0 | ∞ |
| 16 | Preparations of meat, of fish or of crustaceans, molluscs or other aquatic invertebrates | 700,532 | 0.17 | 1,712,153 | -59.08 |
| 17 | Sugars and sugar confectionery | 2,623,161 | 0.63 | 1,876,517 | 39.79 |
| 18 | Cocoa and cocoa preparations | 2,107,303 | 0.50 | 198,183 | 963.31 |
| 19 | Preparations of cereals, flour, starch or milk; bakers’ wares | 181,185 | 0.04 | 1,053,482 | -82.80 |
| 20 | Preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts or other parts of plants | 8,302,728 | 1.98 | 8,512,720 | -2.47 |
| 21 | Miscellaneous edible preparations | 8,121,237 | 1.94 | 8,079,634 | 0.51 |
| 22 | Beverages, spirits and vinegar | 254,378 | 0.06 | 597,255 | -57.41 |
| 23 | Residues and waste from the food industries; prepared animal feed | 9,362,065 | 2.24 | 8,005,700 | 16.94 |
| 24 | Tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes | 236,886 | 0.06 | 0 | ∞ |
| 25 | Salt; sulfur; earths and stone; plastering materials, lime and cement | 218 | 0.00 | 640 | -65.94 |
| 27 | Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminous substances; mineral waxes | 1,234,706 | 0.29 | 1,298,978 | -4.95 |
| 28 | Inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, of rare-earth metals,of radioactive elements or of isotopes | 1,147,831 | 0.27 | 687,279 | 67.01 |
| 29 | Organic chemicals | 13,693,750 | 3.27 | 8,874,725 | 54.30 |
| 30 | Pharmaceutical products | 95,136,754 | 22.73 | 99,284 465 | -4.18 |
| 31 | Fertilizers | 39,405 | 0.01 | 0 | ∞ |
| 32 | Tanning or dyeing extracts; dyes, pigments, paints, varnishes, putty and mastics | 251,267 | 0.06 | 475,416 | -47.15 |
| 33 | Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery, cosmetic or toilet preparations | 1,768,681 | 0.42 | 2,113,707 | -16.32 |
| 34 | Soap, organic surface-active agents, washing preparations, lubricating preparations, artificial waxes, prepared waxes, polishing or scouring preparations, candles and similar articles, modeling pastes, "dental waxes" and dental preparations with a basis of plaster | 3,567,731 | 0.85 | 3,031,676 | 17.68 |
| 35 | Albuminoidal substances; modified starches; glues; enzymes | 933,251 | 0.22 | 21,051 | 4,333.29 |
| 38 | Miscellaneous chemical products | 2,613,799 | 0.62 | 2,282,574 | 14.51 |
| 39 | Plastics and articles thereof | 15,794,244 | 3.77 | 14,561,793 | 8.46 |
| 40 | Rubber and articles thereof | 5,410,519 | 1.29 | 5,451,770 | -0.76 |
| 42 | Articles of leather; saddlery and harness; travel goods, handbags and similar containers; articles of animal gut (other than silkworm gut) | 913,440 | 0.22 | 707,941 | 29.03 |
| 43 | Furskins and artificial fur; manufactures thereof | 75,394 | 0.02 | 26,939 | 179.87 |
| 44 | Wood and articles of wood; wood charcoal | 2,210,395 | 0.53 | 1,374,921 | 60.77 |
| 48 | Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, of paper or of paperboard | 1,873,986 | 0.45 | 2,080,294 | -9.92 |
| 49 | Printed books, newspapers, pictures and other products of the printing industry; manuscripts, typescripts and plans | 565,890 | 0.14 | 592,595 | -4.51 |
| 52 | Cotton | 26,109 | 0.01 | 14,989 | 74.19 |
| 54 | Man-made filaments | 267,546 | 0.06 | 35,338 | 657.11 |
| 55 | Man-made staple fibers | 0 | 0.00 | 7,234 | -100.00 |
| 56 | Wadding, felt and nonwovens; special yarns, twine, cordage, ropes and cables and articles thereof | 5,045,539 | 1.21 | 8,934,808 | -43.53 |
| 57 | Carpets and other textile floor coverings | 12,680 | 0.00 | 23,673 | -46.44 |
| 58 | Special woven fabrics; tufted textile fabrics; lace, tapestries; trimmings; embroidery | 135 | 0.00 | 228 | -40.79 |
| 59 | Impregnated, coated, covered or laminated textile fabrics; textile articles of a kind suitable for industrial use | 6,561 | 0.00 | 8,110 | -19.10 |
| 60 | Knitted or crocheted fabrics | 307,411 | 0.07 | 58,933 | 421.63 |
| 61 | Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, knitted or crocheted | 906,824 | 0.22 | 550,280 | 64.79 |
| 62 | Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, not knitted or crocheted | 2,144,237 | 0.51 | 2,053,953 | 4.40 |
| 63 | Other made up textile articles; sets; worn clothing and worn textile articles; rags | 241,960 | 0.06 | 152,553 | 58.61 |
| 64 | Footwear, gaiters and the like; parts of such articles | 3,177,630 | 0.76 | 3,430,781 | -7.38 |
| 65 | Headgear and parts thereof | 9,574 | 0.00 | 2,583 | 270.65 |
| 68 | Articles of stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, mica or similar materials | 661,901 | 0.16 | 463,887 | 42.69 |
| 69 | Ceramic products | 889,315 | 0.21 | 492,058 | 80.73 |
| 70 | Glass and glassware | 838,632 | 0.20 | 882,293 | -4.95 |
| 71 | Natural or cultured pearls, precious or semi-precious stones,precious metals, metals clad with precious metal and articles thereof; imitation jewelry; coin | 3 | 0.00 | 32 | -90.63 |
| 72 | Iron and steel | 4,594,856 | 1.10 | 4,897,150 | -6.17 |
| 73 | Articles of iron or steel | 4,098,263 | 0.98 | 3,703,645 | 10.65 |
| 74 | Copper and articles thereof | 43,983 | 0.01 | 45,107 | -2.49 |
| 75 | Nickel and articles thereof | 470 | 0.00 | 2,642 | -82.21 |
| 76 | Aluminum and articles thereof | 1,626,639 | 0.39 | 3,262,539 | -50.14 |
| 78 | Lead and articles thereof | 9,036 | 0.00 | 2,822 | 220.20 |
| 79 | Zinc and articles thereof | 8,557 | 0.00 | 8,662 | -1.21 |
| 80 | Tin and articles thereof | 0 | 0.00 | 5,590 | -100.00 |
| 81 | Other base metals; cermets; articles thereof | 272,905 | 0.07 | 19,222 | 1,319.75 |
| 82 | Tools, implements, cutlery, spoons and forks, of base metal; parts thereof of base metal | 966,951 | 0.23 | 823,688 | 17.39 |
| 83 | Miscellaneous articles of base metal | 2,058,432 | 0.49 | 3,759,876 | -45.25 |
| 84 | Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof | 76,085,397 | 18.17 | 59,716,873 | 27.41 |
| 85 | Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound recorders and reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts and accessories of such articles | 53,889,006 | 12.87 | 66,088,956 | -18.46 |
| 86 | Railway or tramway locomotives, rolling-stock and parts thereof; railway or tramway track fixtures and fittings and parts thereof; mechanical (including electro-mechanical) traffic signalling equipment of all kinds | 2,575,588 | 0.62 | 2,322,078 | 10.92 |
| 87 | Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling stock, and parts and accessories thereof | 27,814,860 | 6.64 | 36,325,884 | -23.43 |
| 89 | Ships, boats and floating structures | 161,606 | 0.04 | 819,099 | -80.27 |
| 90 | Optical, photographic, cinematographic, measuring, checking, precision, medical or surgical instruments and apparatus; parts and accessories thereof | 3,689,734 | 0.88 | 3,573,546 | 3.25 |
| 91 | Clocks and watches and parts thereof | 30,486 | 0.01 | 23,692 | 28.68 |
| 92 | Musical instruments; parts and accessories of such articles | 580 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 94 | Furniture; bedding, mattresses, mattress supports, cushions and similar stuffed furnishings; lamps and lighting fittings, not elsewhere specified or included; illuminated sign illuminated nameplates and the like; prefabricated buildings | 1,570,085 | 0.38 | 10,003,137 | -84.30 |
| 95 | Toys, games and sports requisites; parts and accessories thereof | 4,717,703 | 1.13 | 4,178,314 | 12.91 |
| 96 | Miscellaneous manufactured articles | 31,064,290 | 7.42 | 40,888,301 | -24.03 |
| SS | Classified | 214 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |