Countries with fastest growing economies 2022
Russian foreign trade
reports and reviews

Russian trade in goods with the United Kingdom in Q1 2019

by Russian Foreign Trade
based on data from the Federal Customs Service of Russia
The Report on Russia’s foreign trade in goods with the United Kingdom in the first quarter of 2019: exports, imports, products, dynamics.

Russia’s Trade with the United Kingdom

In the 1st quarter of 2019, Russia’s trade with the United Kingdom was $2,871,882,557, down 14.90% ($502,674,432) from the 1st quarter of 2018.

Russia’s exports to the United Kingdom in the 1st quarter of 2019 were $2,009,228,208, down 16.02% ($383,408,850) from the 1st quarter of 2018.

Russia’s imports from the United Kingdom in the 1st quarter of 2019 were $862,654,349, down 12.15% ($119,265,582) from the 1st quarter of 2018.

Russia’s trade surplus with the United Kingdom in the 1st quarter of 2019 was $1,146,573,859, a 18.72% decrease ($264,143,268) over the 1st quarter of 2018.

The United Kingdom was Russia’s 15th largest trading partner in the 1st quarter of 2019 (down from 14th in the 1st quarter of 2018), accounting for 1.8243% of Russia’s total trade (down from 2.1408% in the 1st quarter of 2018).

The United Kingdom was Russia’s 15th largest export market in the 1st quarter of 2019 (down from 14th in the 1st quarter of 2018), accounting for 1.9249% of Russia’s total exports (down from 2.3224% in the 1st quarter of 2018).

The United Kingdom was Russia’s 14th largest supplier in the 1st quarter of 2019 (down from 13th in the 1st quarter of 2018), accounting for 1.6263% of Russia’s total imports (down from 1.7981% in the 1st quarter of 2018).

Russia’s Exports to the United Kingdom

The major share of Russian exports to the United Kingdom in the 1st quarter of 2019 (and in the 1st quarter of 2018) was accounted for the following product types:

  • Mineral products (HS codes 25-27) - 66.06% of Russia’s total exports to the United Kingdom (76.63% in the 1st quarter of 2018);
  • Precious metals and stones (HS code 71) - 22.41% of Russia’s total exports to the United Kingdom (12.35% in the 1st quarter of 2018);
  • Chemical products (HS codes 28-40) - 3.99% of Russia’s total exports to the United Kingdom (4.40% in the 1st quarter of 2018);
  • Wood and wood products (HS codes 44-49) - 2.22% of Russia’s total exports to the United Kingdom (1.65% in the 1st quarter of 2018);
  • Metals and products from them (HS codes 72-83) - 2.19% of Russia’s total exports to the United Kingdom (2.74% in the 1st quarter of 2018);
  • Machinery, equipment and vehicles (HS codes 84-90) - 1.24% of Russia’s total exports to the United Kingdom (0.80% in the 1st quarter of 2018);
  • Food products and agricultural raw materials (HS codes 01-24) - 1.11% of Russia’s total exports to the United Kingdom (0.72% in the 1st quarter of 2018).

The largest gains in Russia’s exports to the United Kingdom in the 1st quarter of 2019 over the 1st quarter of 2018 were recorded for the following product groups:

  • Natural or cultured pearls, precious or semi-precious stones,precious metals, metals clad with precious metal and articles thereof; imitation jewelry; coin (HS code 71) - an increase of $154,752,818;
  • Fertilizers (HS code 31) - an increase of $12,126,251.

The largest declines in Russia’s exports to the United Kingdom in the 1st quarter of 2019 over the 1st quarter of 2018 were recorded for the following product groups:

  • Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminous substances; mineral waxes (HS code 27) - a decrease of $507,296,821;
  • Inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, of rare-earth metals,of radioactive elements or of isotopes (HS code 28) - a decrease of $29,150,682;
  • Iron and steel (HS code 72) - a decrease of $27,988,190.
Russia’s exports to the United Kingdom in the 1st quarter of 2019 by product groups
HS
code
Name of product group Value of exports
in Q1 2019,
US dollars ($)
Percent share in total export Value of exports
in Q1 2018,
US dollars ($)
Percent change
in Q1 2019
over Q1 2018
03 Fish and crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates 7,005,929 0.35 5,221,48434.18
07 Edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers 453,055 0.02 629,183-27.99
09 Coffee, tea, maté and spices 97,216 0.00 57,34369.53
10 Cereals 520,227 0.03 550,813-5.55
11 Products of the milling industry; malt; starches; inulin; wheat gluten 54,346 0.00 16,821223.08
12 Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits; miscellaneous grains, seeds and fruits; industrial or medicinal plants; straw and fodder 144,989 0.01 0
14 Vegetable plaiting materials; vegetable products not elsewhere specified or included 45,901 0.00 0
15 Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their cleavage products prepared edible fats; animal or vegetable waxes 0 0.00 18,500-100.00
16 Preparations of meat, of fish or of crustaceans, molluscs or other aquatic invertebrates 185,524 0.01 584,085-68.24
17 Sugars and sugar confectionery 56,474 0.00 58,393-3.29
18 Cocoa and cocoa preparations 0 0.00 698-100.00
19 Preparations of cereals, flour, starch or milk; bakers’ wares 356,146 0.02 139,533155.24
20 Preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts or other parts of plants 137,057 0.01 189,243-27.58
21 Miscellaneous edible preparations 1,017,913 0.05 48,4312,001.78
22 Beverages, spirits and vinegar 5,809,205 0.29 3,791,88653.20
23 Residues and waste from the food industries; prepared animal feed 6,470,755 0.32 6,021,6387.46
25 Salt; sulfur; earths and stone; plastering materials, lime and cement 622 0.00 19,742-96.85
26 Ores, slag and ash 13,284,946 0.66 12,120,4789.61
27 Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminous substances; mineral waxes 1,314,072,386 65.40 1,821,369,207-27.85
28 Inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, of rare-earth metals,of radioactive elements or of isotopes 38,360,487 1.91 67,511,169-43.18
29 Organic chemicals 5,330,102 0.27 9,273,273-42.52
30 Pharmaceutical products 1,561,326 0.08 1,461,3816.84
31 Fertilizers 22,418,151 1.12 10,291,900117.82
32 Tanning or dyeing extracts; dyes, pigments, paints, varnishes, putty and mastics 49,231 0.00 90,595-45.66
33 Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery, cosmetic or toilet preparations 1,257,581 0.06 934,03134.64
34 Soap, organic surface-active agents, washing preparations, lubricating preparations, artificial waxes, prepared waxes, polishing or scouring preparations, candles and similar articles, modeling pastes, "dental waxes" and dental preparations with a basis of plaster 6,729 0.00 247,355-97.28
35 Albuminoidal substances; modified starches; glues; enzymes 30,146 0.00 22,68732.88
37 Photographic or cinematographic goods 7,456 0.00 0
38 Miscellaneous chemical products 213,221 0.01 1,312,242-83.75
39 Plastics and articles thereof 9,573,185 0.48 11,723,352-18.34
40 Rubber and articles thereof 1,388,690 0.07 2,366,501-41.32
42 Articles of leather; saddlery and harness; travel goods, handbags and similar containers; articles of animal gut (other than silkworm gut) 105,289 0.01 66,28358.85
43 Furskins and artificial fur; manufactures thereof 40,771 0.00 595,784-93.16
44 Wood and articles of wood; wood charcoal 32,303,861 1.61 28,495,83813.36
47 Pulp of wood or of other fibrous cellulosic material; waste and scrap of paper or paperboard 1,151,740 0.06 948,36121.45
48 Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, of paper or of paperboard 11,070,877 0.55 10,001,05710.70
49 Printed books, newspapers, pictures and other products of the printing industry; manuscripts, typescripts and plans 69,063 0.00 60,33414.47
51 Wool, fine or coarse animal hair; horsehair yarn and woven fabric 501 0.00 0
52 Cotton 88 0.00 0
54 Man-made filaments 2 0.00 0
55 Man-made staple fibers 1,197 0.00 0
56 Wadding, felt and nonwovens; special yarns, twine, cordage, ropes and cables and articles thereof 0 0.00 5,630-100.00
57 Carpets and other textile floor coverings 8,341 0.00 7,28814.45
58 Special woven fabrics; tufted textile fabrics; lace, tapestries; trimmings; embroidery 16 0.00 4300.00
61 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, knitted or crocheted 169,302 0.01 139,97020.96
62 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, not knitted or crocheted 866,750 0.04 529,57563.67
63 Other made up textile articles; sets; worn clothing and worn textile articles; rags 62,885 0.00 12,060421.43
64 Footwear, gaiters and the like; parts of such articles 190,099 0.01 130,43345.74
65 Headgear and parts thereof 4,863 0.00 1,287277.86
66 Umbrellas, sun umbrellas, walking sticks, seatsticks, whips, riding-crops and parts thereof 4,609 0.00 0
68 Articles of stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, mica or similar materials 1,077,146 0.05 2,006,212-46.31
69 Ceramic products 352,289 0.02 403,301-12.65
70 Glass and glassware 3,414,268 0.17 3,950,189-13.57
71 Natural or cultured pearls, precious or semi-precious stones,precious metals, metals clad with precious metal and articles thereof; imitation jewelry; coin 450,193,103 22.41 295,440,28552.38
72 Iron and steel 12,272,497 0.61 40,260,687-69.52
73 Articles of iron or steel 5,852,206 0.29 1,303,463348.97
74 Copper and articles thereof 377,959 0.02 76,184396.11
75 Nickel and articles thereof 12 0.00 112-89.29
76 Aluminum and articles thereof 13,038,400 0.65 8,496,71753.45
78 Lead and articles thereof 1,661,933 0.08 1,858,513-10.58
81 Other base metals; cermets; articles thereof 10,886,957 0.54 13,440,695-19.00
82 Tools, implements, cutlery, spoons and forks, of base metal; parts thereof of base metal 614 0.00 19,133-96.79
83 Miscellaneous articles of base metal 10,329 0.00 180,112-94.27
84 Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof 10,879,155 0.54 7,234,88750.37
85 Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound recorders and reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts and accessories of such articles 2,412,075 0.12 2,828,910-14.73
86 Railway or tramway locomotives, rolling-stock and parts thereof; railway or tramway track fixtures and fittings and parts thereof; mechanical (including electro-mechanical) traffic signalling equipment of all kinds 13,480 0.00 99,302-86.43
87 Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling stock, and parts and accessories thereof 1,764,404 0.09 3,276,651-46.15
89 Ships, boats and floating structures 4,711,464 0.23 75,8196,114.09
90 Optical, photographic, cinematographic, measuring, checking, precision, medical or surgical instruments and apparatus; parts and accessories thereof 5,178,662 0.26 5,576,401-7.13
91 Clocks and watches and parts thereof 191,726 0.01 111,89071.35
92 Musical instruments; parts and accessories of such articles 9,234 0.00 61,592-85.01
94 Furniture; bedding, mattresses, mattress supports, cushions and similar stuffed furnishings; lamps and lighting fittings, not elsewhere specified or included; illuminated sign illuminated nameplates and the like; prefabricated buildings 832,881 0.04 1,136,241-26.70
95 Toys, games and sports requisites; parts and accessories thereof 1,185,896 0.06 914,95929.61
96 Miscellaneous manufactured articles 675,875 0.03 53,5461,162.23
97 Works of art, collectors’ pieces and antiques 2,533 0.00 7,165-64.65
SS Classified 6,273,860 0.31 6 758 224-7.17

Russia’s Imports from the United Kingdom

The major share of Russian imports from the United Kingdom in the 1st quarter of 2019 (and in the 1st quarter of 2018) was accounted for the following product types:

  • Machinery, equipment and vehicles (HS codes 84-90) - 46.93% of Russia’s total imports from the United Kingdom (50.31% in the 1st quarter of 2018);
  • Chemical products (HS codes 28-40) - 31.94% of Russia’s total imports from the United Kingdom (31.50% in the 1st quarter of 2018);
  • Food products and agricultural raw materials (HS codes 01-24) - 11.45% of Russia’s total imports from the United Kingdom (9.03% in the 1st quarter of 2018);
  • Metals and products from them (HS codes 72-83) - 3.20% of Russia’s total imports from the United Kingdom (2.75% in the 1st quarter of 2018);
  • Wood and wood products (HS codes 44-49) - 1.51% of Russia’s total imports from the United Kingdom (1.51% in the 1st quarter of 2018);
  • Precious metals and stones (HS code 71) - 1.29% of Russia’s total imports from the United Kingdom (0.55% in the 1st quarter of 2018);
  • Textiles, textile products and footwear (HS codes 50-67) - 1.21% of Russia’s total imports from the United Kingdom (1.29% in the 1st quarter of 2018).

The largest gains in Russia’s imports from the United Kingdom in the 1st quarter of 2019 over the 1st quarter of 2018 were recorded for the following product groups:

  • Beverages, spirits and vinegar (HS code 22) - an increase of $10,421,624;
  • Optical, photographic, cinematographic, measuring, checking, precision, medical or surgical instruments and apparatus; parts and accessories thereof (HS code 90) - an increase of $5,858,420;
  • Natural or cultured pearls, precious or semi-precious stones,precious metals, metals clad with precious metal and articles thereof; imitation jewelry; coin (HS code 71) - an increase of $5,726,414;
  • Miscellaneous chemical products (HS code 38) - an increase of $4,530,992;
  • Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery, cosmetic or toilet preparations (HS code 33) - an increase of $4,501,685;
  • Rubber and articles thereof (HS code 40) - an increase of $2,940,797.

The largest declines in Russia’s imports from the United Kingdom in the 1st quarter of 2019 over the 1st quarter of 2018 were recorded for the following product groups:

  • Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling stock, and parts and accessories thereof (HS code 87) - a decrease of $53,695,512;
  • Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof (HS code 84) - a decrease of $28,179,162;
  • Pharmaceutical products (HS code 30) - a decrease of $26,342,050;
  • Organic chemicals (HS code 29) - a decrease of $12,141,136;
  • Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound recorders and reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts and accessories of such articles (HS code 85) - a decrease of $10,063,331;
  • Plastics and articles thereof (HS code 39) - a decrease of $6,272,587;
  • Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminous substances; mineral waxes (HS code 27) - a decrease of $5,387,822;
  • Miscellaneous edible preparations (HS code 21) - a decrease of $5,343,714;
  • Ships, boats and floating structures (HS code 89) - a decrease of $2,912,964.
Russia’s imports from the United Kingdom in the 1st quarter of 2019 by product groups
HS
code
Name of product group Value of imports in Q1 2019,
US dollars ($)
Percent share in total import Value of imports in Q1 2018,
US dollars ($)
Percent change
in Q1 2019
over Q1 2018
01 Live animals 750,357 0.09 983,134-23.68
04 Dairy produce; birds eggs; natural honey; edible products of animal origin, not elsewhere specified or included 2,741,242 0.32 1,072,104155.69
05 Products of animal origin, not elsewhere specified or included 70,970 0.01 23,416203.08
06 Live trees and other plants; bulbs, roots and the like; cut flowers and ornamental foliage 156,754 0.02 107,21246.21
07 Edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers 25,364 0.00 81,906-69.03
09 Coffee, tea, maté and spices 1,774,017 0.21 1,185,83749.60
10 Cereals 0 0.00 1,844-100.00
11 Products of the milling industry; malt; starches; inulin; wheat gluten 272,722 0.03 127,649113.65
12 Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits; miscellaneous grains, seeds and fruits; industrial or medicinal plants; straw and fodder 147,147 0.02 117,40125.34
13 Lac; gums, resins and other vegetable saps and extracts 758,755 0.09 1,189,977-36.24
15 Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their cleavage products prepared edible fats; animal or vegetable waxes 720,188 0.08 623,24715.55
17 Sugars and sugar confectionery 951,663 0.11 947,2150.47
18 Cocoa and cocoa preparations 1,776,748 0.21 918,12593.52
19 Preparations of cereals, flour, starch or milk; bakers’ wares 3,567,449 0.41 3,442,8853.62
20 Preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts or other parts of plants 3,877,348 0.45 1,965,53397.27
21 Miscellaneous edible preparations 12,764,776 1.48 18,108,490-29.51
22 Beverages, spirits and vinegar 57,744,789 6.69 47,323,16522.02
23 Residues and waste from the food industries; prepared animal feed 6,064,803 0.70 5,595,4378.39
24 Tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes 4,619,993 0.54 4,890,104-5.52
25 Salt; sulfur; earths and stone; plastering materials, lime and cement 693,134 0.08 865,295-19.90
27 Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminous substances; mineral waxes 2,546,266 0.30 7,934,088-67.91
28 Inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, of rare-earth metals,of radioactive elements or of isotopes 2,527,285 0.29 2,762,053-8.50
29 Organic chemicals 14,664,365 1.70 26,805,501-45.29
30 Pharmaceutical products 88,350,976 10.24 114,693,026-22.97
31 Fertilizers 791,978 0.09 306,025158.80
32 Tanning or dyeing extracts; dyes, pigments, paints, varnishes, putty and mastics 20,027,156 2.32 20,840,659-3.90
33 Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery, cosmetic or toilet preparations 38,757,624 4.49 34,255,93913.14
34 Soap, organic surface-active agents, washing preparations, lubricating preparations, artificial waxes, prepared waxes, polishing or scouring preparations, candles and similar articles, modeling pastes, "dental waxes" and dental preparations with a basis of plaster 14,674,779 1.70 14,238,7733.06
35 Albuminoidal substances; modified starches; glues; enzymes 1,983,896 0.23 2,040,924-2.79
36 Explosives; pyrotechnic products; matches; pyrophoric alloys; certain combustible preparations 14,097 0.00 2,690424.05
37 Photographic or cinematographic goods 831,594 0.10 1,656,053-49.78
38 Miscellaneous chemical products 42,214,462 4.89 37,683,47012.02
39 Plastics and articles thereof 35,577,990 4.12 41,850,577-14.99
40 Rubber and articles thereof 15,124,445 1.75 12,183,64824.14
41 Raw hides and skins (other than furskins) and leather 34,539 0.00 5366,343.84
42 Articles of leather; saddlery and harness; travel goods, handbags and similar containers; articles of animal gut (other than silkworm gut) 463,112 0.05 243,21490.41
43 Furskins and artificial fur; manufactures thereof 0 0.00 311,840-100.00
44 Wood and articles of wood; wood charcoal 286,969 0.03 176,84362.27
45 Cork and articles of cork 1,780 0.00 5,046-64.72
46 Manufactures of straw, of esparto or of other plaiting materials; basketware and wickerwork 3,977 0.00 2,36168.45
48 Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, of paper or of paperboard 9,080,344 1.05 11,536,768-21.29
49 Printed books, newspapers, pictures and other products of the printing industry; manuscripts, typescripts and plans 3,634,828 0.42 3,117,66316.59
50 Silk 79,789 0.01 52,56951.78
51 Wool, fine or coarse animal hair; horsehair yarn and woven fabric 70,976 0.01 40,28676.18
52 Cotton 1,030,090 0.12 1,472,556-30.05
53 Other vegetable textile fibers; paper yarn and woven fabric of paper yarn 42,057 0.00 46,479-9.51
54 Man-made filaments 1,992,246 0.23 2,269,289-12.21
55 Man-made staple fibers 69,504 0.01 221,427-68.61
56 Wadding, felt and nonwovens; special yarns, twine, cordage, ropes and cables and articles thereof 869,268 0.10 734,04318.42
57 Carpets and other textile floor coverings 1,167,854 0.14 2,255,099-48.21
58 Special woven fabrics; tufted textile fabrics; lace, tapestries; trimmings; embroidery 107,013 0.01 89,85719.09
59 Impregnated, coated, covered or laminated textile fabrics; textile articles of a kind suitable for industrial use 395,915 0.05 491,811-19.50
60 Knitted or crocheted fabrics 224,503 0.03 104,166115.52
61 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, knitted or crocheted 563,993 0.07 778,194-27.53
62 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, not knitted or crocheted 914,942 0.11 1,040,880-12.10
63 Other made up textile articles; sets; worn clothing and worn textile articles; rags 2,108,080 0.24 2,312,376-8.83
64 Footwear, gaiters and the like; parts of such articles 676,695 0.08 593,06414.10
65 Headgear and parts thereof 135,780 0.02 99,14536.95
66 Umbrellas, sun umbrellas, walking sticks, seatsticks, whips, riding-crops and parts thereof 14,232 0.00 2,039597.99
67 Prepared feathers and down and articles made of feathers or of down; artificial flowers; articles of human hair 1,545 0.00 41,457-96.27
68 Articles of stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, mica or similar materials 2,582,256 0.30 2,939,113-12.14
69 Ceramic products 1,129,366 0.13 750,43850.49
70 Glass and glassware 2,306,434 0.27 2,823,890-18.32
71 Natural or cultured pearls, precious or semi-precious stones,precious metals, metals clad with precious metal and articles thereof; imitation jewelry; coin 11,113,989 1.29 5,387,575106.29
72 Iron and steel 1,311,234 0.15 1,647,763-20.42
73 Articles of iron or steel 14,558,766 1.69 13,506,3937.79
74 Copper and articles thereof 1,719,734 0.20 1,301,18932.17
75 Nickel and articles thereof 1,250,085 0.14 2,470,744-49.40
76 Aluminum and articles thereof 2,960,361 0.34 2,128,70939.07
78 Lead and articles thereof 56,672 0.01 29,52691.94
79 Zinc and articles thereof 611,938 0.07 3,18619,107.09
80 Tin and articles thereof 6,324 0.00 2,665137.30
81 Other base metals; cermets; articles thereof 1,467,310 0.17 2,006,330-26.87
82 Tools, implements, cutlery, spoons and forks, of base metal; parts thereof of base metal 1,858,741 0.22 1,997,785-6.96
83 Miscellaneous articles of base metal 1,785,481 0.21 1,917,269-6.87
84 Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof 145,638,975 16.88 173,818,137-16.21
85 Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound recorders and reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts and accessories of such articles 37,200,215 4.31 47,263,546-21.29
86 Railway or tramway locomotives, rolling-stock and parts thereof; railway or tramway track fixtures and fittings and parts thereof; mechanical (including electro-mechanical) traffic signalling equipment of all kinds 77,431 0.01 246,064-68.53
87 Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling stock, and parts and accessories thereof 187,599,463 21.75 241,294,975-22.25
89 Ships, boats and floating structures 161,795 0.02 3,074,759-94.74
90 Optical, photographic, cinematographic, measuring, checking, precision, medical or surgical instruments and apparatus; parts and accessories thereof 34,177,496 3.96 28,319,07620.69
91 Clocks and watches and parts thereof 79,229 0.01 31,925148.17
92 Musical instruments; parts and accessories of such articles 68,876 0.01 41,24666.99
94 Furniture; bedding, mattresses, mattress supports, cushions and similar stuffed furnishings; lamps and lighting fittings, not elsewhere specified or included; illuminated sign illuminated nameplates and the like; prefabricated buildings 5,189,424 0.60 7,727,456-32.84
95 Toys, games and sports requisites; parts and accessories thereof 647,446 0.08 864,817-25.13
96 Miscellaneous manufactured articles 956,368 0.11 997,511-4.12
97 Works of art, collectors’ pieces and antiques 517,001 0.06 30,6401,587.34
SS Classified 4,086,776 0.47 4 434 794-7.85
Russian foreign trade statistics
Source: Federal Customs Service of Russia