Russian trade in goods with Malaysia in Q1 2020
May 24, 2020
by Russian Foreign Trade
based on data from the Federal Customs Service of Russia
based on data from the Federal Customs Service of Russia
The Report on Russia’s foreign trade in goods with Malaysia in the first quarter of 2020: exports, imports, products, dynamics.
Russia’s Trade with Malaysia
In the 1st quarter of 2020, Russia’s trade with Malaysia totaled $778,767,248, up 1.36% ($10,411,800) from the 1st quarter of 2019.
Russia’s exports to Malaysia in the 1st quarter of 2020 were $400,197,744, down 0.60% ($2,430,366) from the 1st quarter of 2019.
Russia’s imports from Malaysia in the 1st quarter of 2020 totaled $378,569,504, up 3.51% ($12,842,166) from the 1st quarter of 2019.
Russia’s trade surplus with Malaysia in the 1st quarter of 2020 was $21,628,240, a 41.39% decrease ($15,272,532) over the 1st quarter of 2019.
Malaysia was Russia’s 35th largest trading partner in the 1st quarter of 2020 (up from 38th in the 1st quarter of 2019), accounting for 0.5479% of Russia’s total trade (up from 0.4881% in the 1st quarter of 2019).
Malaysia was Russia’s 40th largest export market in the 1st quarter of 2020 (up from 43rd in the 1st quarter of 2019), accounting for 0.4498% of Russia’s total exports (up from 0.3857% in the 1st quarter of 2019).
Malaysia was Russia’s 30th largest supplier in the 1st quarter of 2020 (up from 31st in the 1st quarter of 2019), accounting for 0.7122% of Russia’s total imports (up from 0.6895% in the 1st quarter of 2019).
Russia’s Exports to Malaysia
The major share of Russian exports to Malaysia in the 1st quarter of 2020 (and in the 1st quarter of 2019) was accounted for the following product types:
- Mineral products (HS codes 25-27) - 82.05% of Russia’s total exports to Malaysia (90.04% in the 1st quarter of 2019);
- Chemical products (HS codes 28-40) - 3.16% of Russia’s total exports to Malaysia (2.99% in the 1st quarter of 2019);
- Food products and agricultural raw materials (HS codes 01-24) - 2.37% of Russia’s total exports to Malaysia (0.47% in the 1st quarter of 2019);
- Metals and products from them (HS codes 72-83) - 1.35% of Russia’s total exports to Malaysia (0.55% in the 1st quarter of 2019);
- Machinery, equipment and vehicles (HS codes 84-90) - 1.21% of Russia’s total exports to Malaysia (1.09% in the 1st quarter of 2019);
- Wood and wood products (HS codes 44-49) - 0.70% of Russia’s total exports to Malaysia (2.12% in the 1st quarter of 2019).
The largest gains in Russia’s exports to Malaysia in the 1st quarter of 2020 over the 1st quarter of 2019 were recorded for the following product groups:
- Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their cleavage products prepared edible fats; animal or vegetable waxes (HS code 15) - an increase of $7,908,076;
- Fertilizers (HS code 31) - an increase of $3,390,243;
- Aluminum and articles thereof (HS code 76) - an increase of $1,938,759;
- Iron and steel (HS code 72) - an increase of $1,859,837;
- Ships, boats and floating structures (HS code 89) - an increase of $1,680,141;
- Natural or cultured pearls, precious or semi-precious stones,precious metals, metals clad with precious metal and articles thereof; imitation jewelry; coin (HS code 71) - an increase of $1,380,467;
- Ores, slag and ash (HS code 26) - an increase of $1,238,689.
The largest declines in Russia’s exports to Malaysia in the 1st quarter of 2020 over the 1st quarter of 2019 were recorded for the following product groups:
- Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminous substances; mineral waxes (HS code 27) - a decrease of $35,278,137;
- Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, of paper or of paperboard (HS code 48) - a decrease of $3,799,082;
- Pulp of wood or of other fibrous cellulosic material; waste and scrap of paper or paperboard (HS code 47) - a decrease of $1,934,454;
- Explosives; pyrotechnic products; matches; pyrophoric alloys; certain combustible preparations (HS code 36) - a decrease of $1,413,287;
- Rubber and articles thereof (HS code 40) - a decrease of $1,230,772.
| HS code |
Name of product group | Value of exports in Q1 2020, US dollars ($) |
Percent share in total export | Value of exports in Q1 2019, US dollars ($) |
Percent change in Q1 2020 over Q1 2019 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01 | Live animals | 0 | 0.00 | 9,746 | -100.00 |
| 02 | Meat and edible meat offal | 5,998 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 04 | Dairy produce; birds eggs; natural honey; edible products of animal origin, not elsewhere specified or included | 2,083 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 07 | Edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers | 202,165 | 0.05 | 12,816 | 1,477.44 |
| 09 | Coffee, tea, maté and spices | 111,315 | 0.03 | 87,633 | 27.02 |
| 10 | Cereals | 3,986 | 0.00 | 607,853 | -99.34 |
| 11 | Products of the milling industry; malt; starches; inulin; wheat gluten | 22,140 | 0.01 | 0 | ∞ |
| 15 | Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their cleavage products prepared edible fats; animal or vegetable waxes | 9,032,118 | 2.26 | 1,124,042 | 703.54 |
| 16 | Preparations of meat, of fish or of crustaceans, molluscs or other aquatic invertebrates | 989 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 17 | Sugars and sugar confectionery | 0 | 0.00 | 16,557 | -100.00 |
| 21 | Miscellaneous edible preparations | 96,714 | 0.02 | 23,226 | 316.40 |
| 22 | Beverages, spirits and vinegar | 0 | 0.00 | 379 | -100.00 |
| 24 | Tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes | 0 | 0.00 | 375 | -100.00 |
| 25 | Salt; sulfur; earths and stone; plastering materials, lime and cement | 0 | 0.00 | 116,730 | -100.00 |
| 26 | Ores, slag and ash | 1,823,664 | 0.46 | 584,975 | 211.75 |
| 27 | Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminous substances; mineral waxes | 326,537,434 | 81.59 | 361,815,571 | -9.75 |
| 28 | Inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, of rare-earth metals,of radioactive elements or of isotopes | 299,563 | 0.07 | 426,702 | -29.80 |
| 29 | Organic chemicals | 325,010 | 0.08 | 157,197 | 106.75 |
| 30 | Pharmaceutical products | 1,528 | 0.00 | 1,287 | 18.73 |
| 31 | Fertilizers | 9,856,181 | 2.46 | 6,465,938 | 52.43 |
| 32 | Tanning or dyeing extracts; dyes, pigments, paints, varnishes, putty and mastics | 4,567 | 0.00 | 7,682 | -40.55 |
| 33 | Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery, cosmetic or toilet preparations | 97,725 | 0.02 | 112,768 | -13.34 |
| 34 | Soap, organic surface-active agents, washing preparations, lubricating preparations, artificial waxes, prepared waxes, polishing or scouring preparations, candles and similar articles, modeling pastes, "dental waxes" and dental preparations with a basis of plaster | 3,233 | 0.00 | 43,180 | -92.51 |
| 36 | Explosives; pyrotechnic products; matches; pyrophoric alloys; certain combustible preparations | 0 | 0.00 | 1,413,287 | -100.00 |
| 38 | Miscellaneous chemical products | 28,673 | 0.01 | 29,242 | -1.95 |
| 39 | Plastics and articles thereof | 290,318 | 0.07 | 439,576 | -33.95 |
| 40 | Rubber and articles thereof | 1,728,593 | 0.43 | 2,959,365 | -41.59 |
| 42 | Articles of leather; saddlery and harness; travel goods, handbags and similar containers; articles of animal gut (other than silkworm gut) | 0 | 0.00 | 1,555 | -100.00 |
| 44 | Wood and articles of wood; wood charcoal | 534,321 | 0.13 | 498,917 | 7.10 |
| 47 | Pulp of wood or of other fibrous cellulosic material; waste and scrap of paper or paperboard | 917,638 | 0.23 | 2,852,092 | -67.83 |
| 48 | Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, of paper or of paperboard | 1,366,846 | 0.34 | 5,165,928 | -73.54 |
| 49 | Printed books, newspapers, pictures and other products of the printing industry; manuscripts, typescripts and plans | 0 | 0.00 | 3,757 | -100.00 |
| 51 | Wool, fine or coarse animal hair; horsehair yarn and woven fabric | 0 | 0.00 | 6 | -100.00 |
| 52 | Cotton | 0 | 0.00 | 56 | -100.00 |
| 56 | Wadding, felt and nonwovens; special yarns, twine, cordage, ropes and cables and articles thereof | 0 | 0.00 | 62 | -100.00 |
| 58 | Special woven fabrics; tufted textile fabrics; lace, tapestries; trimmings; embroidery | 0 | 0.00 | 179 | -100.00 |
| 59 | Impregnated, coated, covered or laminated textile fabrics; textile articles of a kind suitable for industrial use | 1,150 | 0.00 | 4,364 | -73.65 |
| 61 | Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, knitted or crocheted | 130 | 0.00 | 1,120 | -88.39 |
| 62 | Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, not knitted or crocheted | 2,200 | 0.00 | 36,130 | -93.91 |
| 63 | Other made up textile articles; sets; worn clothing and worn textile articles; rags | 0 | 0.00 | 4,623 | -100.00 |
| 64 | Footwear, gaiters and the like; parts of such articles | 1,362 | 0.00 | 1,882 | -27.63 |
| 65 | Headgear and parts thereof | 0 | 0.00 | 685 | -100.00 |
| 66 | Umbrellas, sun umbrellas, walking sticks, seatsticks, whips, riding-crops and parts thereof | 0 | 0.00 | 290 | -100.00 |
| 68 | Articles of stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, mica or similar materials | 137,179 | 0.03 | 116,204 | 18.05 |
| 69 | Ceramic products | 0 | 0.00 | 160 | -100.00 |
| 70 | Glass and glassware | 0 | 0.00 | 443 | -100.00 |
| 71 | Natural or cultured pearls, precious or semi-precious stones,precious metals, metals clad with precious metal and articles thereof; imitation jewelry; coin | 1,562,450 | 0.39 | 181,983 | 758.57 |
| 72 | Iron and steel | 2,053,962 | 0.51 | 194,125 | 958.06 |
| 73 | Articles of iron or steel | 54,344 | 0.01 | 672,165 | -91.92 |
| 74 | Copper and articles thereof | 935 | 0.00 | 1,310 | -28.63 |
| 76 | Aluminum and articles thereof | 3,285,427 | 0.82 | 1,346,668 | 143.97 |
| 78 | Lead and articles thereof | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | -100.00 |
| 82 | Tools, implements, cutlery, spoons and forks, of base metal; parts thereof of base metal | 21,559 | 0.01 | 5,189 | 315.48 |
| 83 | Miscellaneous articles of base metal | 470 | 0.00 | 2 | 23,400.00 |
| 84 | Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof | 417,398 | 0.10 | 360,767 | 15.70 |
| 85 | Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound recorders and reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts and accessories of such articles | 852,347 | 0.21 | 1,322,917 | -35.57 |
| 87 | Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling stock, and parts and accessories thereof | 4,062 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 89 | Ships, boats and floating structures | 1,689,741 | 0.42 | 9,600 | 17,501.47 |
| 90 | Optical, photographic, cinematographic, measuring, checking, precision, medical or surgical instruments and apparatus; parts and accessories thereof | 1,876,800 | 0.47 | 2,713,672 | -30.84 |
| 91 | Clocks and watches and parts thereof | 0 | 0.00 | 398 | -100.00 |
| 92 | Musical instruments; parts and accessories of such articles | 0 | 0.00 | 1,320 | -100.00 |
| 94 | Furniture; bedding, mattresses, mattress supports, cushions and similar stuffed furnishings; lamps and lighting fittings, not elsewhere specified or included; illuminated sign illuminated nameplates and the like; prefabricated buildings | 0 | 0.00 | 34 | -100.00 |
| 95 | Toys, games and sports requisites; parts and accessories thereof | 0 | 0.00 | 80 | -100.00 |
| 96 | Miscellaneous manufactured articles | 4,108 | 0.00 | 4,699 | -12.58 |
| SS | Classified | 34,939,318 | 8.73 | 10 668 600 | 227.50 |
Russia’s Imports from Malaysia
The major share of Russian imports from Malaysia in the 1st quarter of 2020 (and in the 1st quarter of 2019) was accounted for the following product types:
- Machinery, equipment and vehicles (HS codes 84-90) - 60.24% of Russia’s total imports from Malaysia (56.97% in the 1st quarter of 2019);
- Chemical products (HS codes 28-40) - 21.35% of Russia’s total imports from Malaysia (19.96% in the 1st quarter of 2019);
- Food products and agricultural raw materials (HS codes 01-24) - 11.80% of Russia’s total imports from Malaysia (12.99% in the 1st quarter of 2019);
- Metals and products from them (HS codes 72-83) - 3.18% of Russia’s total imports from Malaysia (0.95% in the 1st quarter of 2019);
- Mineral products (HS codes 25-27) - 0.65% of Russia’s total imports from Malaysia (6.62% in the 1st quarter of 2019).
The largest gains in Russia’s imports from Malaysia in the 1st quarter of 2020 over the 1st quarter of 2019 were recorded for the following product groups:
- Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound recorders and reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts and accessories of such articles (HS code 85) - an increase of $10,367,321;
- Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof (HS code 84) - an increase of $8,276,801;
- Iron and steel (HS code 72) - an increase of $7,636,569;
- Cocoa and cocoa preparations (HS code 18) - an increase of $5,568,739;
- Rubber and articles thereof (HS code 40) - an increase of $4,507,539;
- Plastics and articles thereof (HS code 39) - an increase of $2,113,437;
- Miscellaneous edible preparations (HS code 21) - an increase of $1,915,918;
- Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery, cosmetic or toilet preparations (HS code 33) - an increase of $1,763,637;
- Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling stock, and parts and accessories thereof (HS code 87) - an increase of $1,361,947;
- Copper and articles thereof (HS code 74) - an increase of $1,297,653.
The largest declines in Russia’s imports from Malaysia in the 1st quarter of 2020 over the 1st quarter of 2019 were recorded for the following product groups:
- Ores, slag and ash (HS code 26) - a decrease of $21,905,745;
- Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their cleavage products prepared edible fats; animal or vegetable waxes (HS code 15) - a decrease of $9,874,755.
| HS code |
Name of product group | Value of imports in Q1 2020, US dollars ($) |
Percent share in total import | Value of imports in Q1 2019, US dollars ($) |
Percent change in Q1 2020 over Q1 2019 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 06 | Live trees and other plants; bulbs, roots and the like; cut flowers and ornamental foliage | 48,296 | 0.01 | 51,319 | -5.89 |
| 07 | Edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers | 0 | 0.00 | 17,703 | -100.00 |
| 08 | Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or melons | 59,740 | 0.02 | 88,891 | -32.79 |
| 13 | Lac; gums, resins and other vegetable saps and extracts | 0 | 0.00 | 9,600 | -100.00 |
| 15 | Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their cleavage products prepared edible fats; animal or vegetable waxes | 11,581,917 | 3.06 | 21,456,672 | -46.02 |
| 17 | Sugars and sugar confectionery | 93,640 | 0.02 | 116,173 | -19.40 |
| 18 | Cocoa and cocoa preparations | 21,895,640 | 5.78 | 16,326,901 | 34.11 |
| 19 | Preparations of cereals, flour, starch or milk; bakers’ wares | 742,893 | 0.20 | 647,901 | 14.66 |
| 20 | Preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts or other parts of plants | 763,779 | 0.20 | 161,181 | 373.86 |
| 21 | Miscellaneous edible preparations | 7,529,136 | 1.99 | 5,613,218 | 34.13 |
| 22 | Beverages, spirits and vinegar | 0 | 0.00 | 80,634 | -100.00 |
| 23 | Residues and waste from the food industries; prepared animal feed | 1,938,796 | 0.51 | 2,954,560 | -34.38 |
| 25 | Salt; sulfur; earths and stone; plastering materials, lime and cement | 0 | 0.00 | 113 | -100.00 |
| 26 | Ores, slag and ash | 393,557 | 0.10 | 22,299,302 | -98.24 |
| 27 | Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminous substances; mineral waxes | 2,072,607 | 0.55 | 1,894,117 | 9.42 |
| 28 | Inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, of rare-earth metals,of radioactive elements or of isotopes | 111,529 | 0.03 | 0 | ∞ |
| 29 | Organic chemicals | 2,584,932 | 0.68 | 2,778,628 | -6.97 |
| 30 | Pharmaceutical products | 20,994 | 0.01 | 36,151 | -41.93 |
| 32 | Tanning or dyeing extracts; dyes, pigments, paints, varnishes, putty and mastics | 2,805,335 | 0.74 | 3,187,088 | -11.98 |
| 33 | Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery, cosmetic or toilet preparations | 7,984,221 | 2.11 | 6,220,584 | 28.35 |
| 34 | Soap, organic surface-active agents, washing preparations, lubricating preparations, artificial waxes, prepared waxes, polishing or scouring preparations, candles and similar articles, modeling pastes, "dental waxes" and dental preparations with a basis of plaster | 4,732,083 | 1.25 | 5,579,777 | -15.19 |
| 35 | Albuminoidal substances; modified starches; glues; enzymes | 970,627 | 0.26 | 747,365 | 29.87 |
| 37 | Photographic or cinematographic goods | 174,717 | 0.05 | 200,446 | -12.84 |
| 38 | Miscellaneous chemical products | 6,371,481 | 1.68 | 5,810,763 | 9.65 |
| 39 | Plastics and articles thereof | 5,720,969 | 1.51 | 3,607,532 | 58.58 |
| 40 | Rubber and articles thereof | 49,345,480 | 13.03 | 44,837,941 | 10.05 |
| 42 | Articles of leather; saddlery and harness; travel goods, handbags and similar containers; articles of animal gut (other than silkworm gut) | 34,159 | 0.01 | 934 | 3,557.28 |
| 44 | Wood and articles of wood; wood charcoal | 18,190 | 0.00 | 33,143 | -45.12 |
| 45 | Cork and articles of cork | 0 | 0.00 | 28 | -100.00 |
| 48 | Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, of paper or of paperboard | 213,711 | 0.06 | 57,915 | 269.01 |
| 49 | Printed books, newspapers, pictures and other products of the printing industry; manuscripts, typescripts and plans | 216,253 | 0.06 | 121,393 | 78.14 |
| 52 | Cotton | 776,752 | 0.21 | 402,449 | 93.01 |
| 54 | Man-made filaments | 37,154 | 0.01 | 0 | ∞ |
| 55 | Man-made staple fibers | 331,804 | 0.09 | 140,397 | 136.33 |
| 56 | Wadding, felt and nonwovens; special yarns, twine, cordage, ropes and cables and articles thereof | 38,367 | 0.01 | 66,041 | -41.90 |
| 58 | Special woven fabrics; tufted textile fabrics; lace, tapestries; trimmings; embroidery | 2,070 | 0.00 | 766 | 170.23 |
| 59 | Impregnated, coated, covered or laminated textile fabrics; textile articles of a kind suitable for industrial use | 64,438 | 0.02 | 35,475 | 81.64 |
| 61 | Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, knitted or crocheted | 882,633 | 0.23 | 1,498,731 | -41.11 |
| 62 | Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, not knitted or crocheted | 207,695 | 0.05 | 173,208 | 19.91 |
| 63 | Other made up textile articles; sets; worn clothing and worn textile articles; rags | 176,765 | 0.05 | 262,192 | -32.58 |
| 64 | Footwear, gaiters and the like; parts of such articles | 120,216 | 0.03 | 96,055 | 25.15 |
| 65 | Headgear and parts thereof | 248,125 | 0.07 | 82,322 | 201.41 |
| 66 | Umbrellas, sun umbrellas, walking sticks, seatsticks, whips, riding-crops and parts thereof | 38 | 0.00 | 24 | 58.33 |
| 68 | Articles of stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, mica or similar materials | 8,957 | 0.00 | 1,664 | 438.28 |
| 69 | Ceramic products | 1,653 | 0.00 | 21,503 | -92.31 |
| 70 | Glass and glassware | 15,265 | 0.00 | 55,347 | -72.42 |
| 71 | Natural or cultured pearls, precious or semi-precious stones,precious metals, metals clad with precious metal and articles thereof; imitation jewelry; coin | 43,342 | 0.01 | 21,200 | 104.44 |
| 72 | Iron and steel | 8,368,057 | 2.21 | 731,488 | 1,043.98 |
| 73 | Articles of iron or steel | 1,435,592 | 0.38 | 1,483,334 | -3.22 |
| 74 | Copper and articles thereof | 1,561,238 | 0.41 | 263,585 | 492.31 |
| 75 | Nickel and articles thereof | 44,308 | 0.01 | 5,141 | 761.86 |
| 76 | Aluminum and articles thereof | 112,539 | 0.03 | 633,010 | -82.22 |
| 78 | Lead and articles thereof | 0 | 0.00 | 291 | -100.00 |
| 80 | Tin and articles thereof | 812 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 81 | Other base metals; cermets; articles thereof | 4,421 | 0.00 | 3,636 | 21.59 |
| 82 | Tools, implements, cutlery, spoons and forks, of base metal; parts thereof of base metal | 136,855 | 0.04 | 121,983 | 12.19 |
| 83 | Miscellaneous articles of base metal | 374,015 | 0.10 | 219,819 | 70.15 |
| 84 | Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof | 52,574,449 | 13.89 | 44,297,648 | 18.68 |
| 85 | Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound recorders and reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts and accessories of such articles | 148,853,073 | 39.32 | 138,485,752 | 7.49 |
| 86 | Railway or tramway locomotives, rolling-stock and parts thereof; railway or tramway track fixtures and fittings and parts thereof; mechanical (including electro-mechanical) traffic signalling equipment of all kinds | 356,869 | 0.09 | 1,740 | 20,409.71 |
| 87 | Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling stock, and parts and accessories thereof | 6,365,208 | 1.68 | 5,003,261 | 27.22 |
| 89 | Ships, boats and floating structures | 0 | 0.00 | 505,050 | -100.00 |
| 90 | Optical, photographic, cinematographic, measuring, checking, precision, medical or surgical instruments and apparatus; parts and accessories thereof | 19,903,005 | 5.26 | 20,075,101 | -0.86 |
| 91 | Clocks and watches and parts thereof | 2,960 | 0.00 | 17,242 | -82.83 |
| 92 | Musical instruments; parts and accessories of such articles | 1,364,715 | 0.36 | 700,225 | 94.90 |
| 94 | Furniture; bedding, mattresses, mattress supports, cushions and similar stuffed furnishings; lamps and lighting fittings, not elsewhere specified or included; illuminated sign illuminated nameplates and the like; prefabricated buildings | 1,628,348 | 0.43 | 2,029,437 | -19.76 |
| 95 | Toys, games and sports requisites; parts and accessories thereof | 3,430,374 | 0.91 | 2,379,283 | 44.18 |
| 96 | Miscellaneous manufactured articles | 642,710 | 0.17 | 974,965 | -34.08 |
| SS | Classified | 30,000 | 0.01 | 0 | ∞ |