Countries with fastest growing economies 2022
Russian foreign trade
reports and reviews

Russian trade in goods with the Czech Republic in Q1 2021

by Russian Foreign Trade
based on data from the Federal Customs Service of Russia
The Report on Russia’s foreign trade in goods with the Czech Republic in the first quarter of 2021: exports, imports, products, dynamics.

Russia’s Trade with the Czech Republic

In the 1st quarter of 2021, Russia’s trade with the Czech Republic totaled $1,677,076,204, up 14.55% ($213,053,190) from the 1st quarter of 2020.

Russia’s exports to the Czech Republic in the 1st quarter of 2021 totaled $837,802,252, up 27.04% ($178,341,619) from the 1st quarter of 2020.

Russia’s imports from the Czech Republic in the 1st quarter of 2021 totaled $839,273,952, up 4.31% ($34,711,571) from the 1st quarter of 2020.

Russia’s trade deficit with the Czech Republic in the 1st quarter of 2021 was $1,471,700, a 98.99% decrease ($143,630,048) over the 1st quarter of 2020.

The Czech Republic was Russia’s 18th largest trading partner in the 1st quarter of 2021 (just as in the 1st quarter of 2020), accounting for 1.0851% of Russia’s total trade (up from 1.0300% in the 1st quarter of 2020).

The Czech Republic was Russia’s 25th largest export market in the 1st quarter of 2021 (up from 31st in the 1st quarter of 2020), accounting for 0.9081% of Russia’s total exports (up from 0.7411% in the 1st quarter of 2020).

The Czech Republic was Russia’s 16th largest supplier in the 1st quarter of 2021 (up from 17th in the 1st quarter of 2020), accounting for 1.3472% of Russia’s total imports (down from 1.5135% in the 1st quarter of 2020).

Russia’s Exports to the Czech Republic

The major share of Russian exports to the Czech Republic in the 1st quarter of 2021 (and in the 1st quarter of 2020) was accounted for the following product types:

  • Mineral products (HS codes 25-27) - 53.13% of Russia’s total exports to the Czech Republic (60.26% in the 1st quarter of 2020);
  • Metals and products from them (HS codes 72-83) - 10.16% of Russia’s total exports to the Czech Republic (10.92% in the 1st quarter of 2020);
  • Chemical products (HS codes 28-40) - 9.10% of Russia’s total exports to the Czech Republic (9.81% in the 1st quarter of 2020);
  • Machinery, equipment and vehicles (HS codes 84-90) - 6.11% of Russia’s total exports to the Czech Republic (7.01% in the 1st quarter of 2020);
  • Wood and wood products (HS codes 44-49) - 2.23% of Russia’s total exports to the Czech Republic (2.37% in the 1st quarter of 2020).

The largest gains in Russia’s exports to the Czech Republic in the 1st quarter of 2021 over the 1st quarter of 2020 were recorded for the following product groups:

  • Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminous substances; mineral waxes (HS code 27) - an increase of $39,554,494;
  • Iron and steel (HS code 72) - an increase of $13,264,364;
  • Ores, slag and ash (HS code 26) - an increase of $8,151,810;
  • Plastics and articles thereof (HS code 39) - an increase of $4,868,397;
  • Rubber and articles thereof (HS code 40) - an increase of $3,873,698;
  • Inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, of rare-earth metals,of radioactive elements or of isotopes (HS code 28) - an increase of $3,527,729;
  • Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound recorders and reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts and accessories of such articles (HS code 85) - an increase of $3,159,412;
  • Wood and articles of wood; wood charcoal (HS code 44) - an increase of $2,990,090;
  • Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling stock, and parts and accessories thereof (HS code 87) - an increase of $2,788,845.

The largest declines in Russia’s exports to the Czech Republic in the 1st quarter of 2021 over the 1st quarter of 2020 were recorded for the following product groups:

  • No product groups with a substantial decrease.
Russia’s exports to the Czech Republic in the 1st quarter of 2021 by product groups
HS
code
Name of product group Value of exports
in Q1 2021,
US dollars ($)
Percent share in total export Value of exports
in Q1 2020,
US dollars ($)
Percent change
in Q1 2021
over Q1 2020
01 Live animals 6,433 0.00 1105,748.18
04 Dairy produce; birds eggs; natural honey; edible products of animal origin, not elsewhere specified or included 97,658 0.01 18,403430.66
05 Products of animal origin, not elsewhere specified or included 226,670 0.03 1,243,441-81.77
07 Edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers 73,769 0.01 407,442-81.89
08 Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or melons 0 0.00 1,010,503-100.00
09 Coffee, tea, maté and spices 41,296 0.00 41,620-0.78
10 Cereals 244,526 0.03 0
11 Products of the milling industry; malt; starches; inulin; wheat gluten 577,347 0.07 293,95496.41
12 Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits; miscellaneous grains, seeds and fruits; industrial or medicinal plants; straw and fodder 381,668 0.05 919,348-58.48
14 Vegetable plaiting materials; vegetable products not elsewhere specified or included 5,997 0.00 5,9191.32
15 Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their cleavage products prepared edible fats; animal or vegetable waxes 48,632 0.01 208,324-76.66
17 Sugars and sugar confectionery 136,207 0.02 191,999-29.06
18 Cocoa and cocoa preparations 37,602 0.00 26,38142.53
19 Preparations of cereals, flour, starch or milk; bakers’ wares 16,341 0.00 1818,928.18
21 Miscellaneous edible preparations 1,969,306 0.24 1,046,30188.22
22 Beverages, spirits and vinegar 216,153 0.03 388,570-44.37
23 Residues and waste from the food industries; prepared animal feed 2,513,669 0.30 56,8084,324.85
24 Tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes 20,337 0.00 7,889157.79
25 Salt; sulfur; earths and stone; plastering materials, lime and cement 66,512 0.01 26,073155.10
26 Ores, slag and ash 12,681,439 1.51 4,529,629179.97
27 Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminous substances; mineral waxes 432,414,106 51.61 392,859,61210.07
28 Inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, of rare-earth metals,of radioactive elements or of isotopes 36,577,349 4.37 33,049,62010.67
29 Organic chemicals 5,195,872 0.62 5,416,299-4.07
30 Pharmaceutical products 96,345 0.01 611,278-84.24
31 Fertilizers 19,514 0.00 39,202-50.22
32 Tanning or dyeing extracts; dyes, pigments, paints, varnishes, putty and mastics 139,906 0.02 120,76715.85
33 Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery, cosmetic or toilet preparations 528,053 0.06 731,003-27.76
34 Soap, organic surface-active agents, washing preparations, lubricating preparations, artificial waxes, prepared waxes, polishing or scouring preparations, candles and similar articles, modeling pastes, "dental waxes" and dental preparations with a basis of plaster 678,894 0.08 557,32621.81
35 Albuminoidal substances; modified starches; glues; enzymes 21,860 0.00 27,457-20.38
38 Miscellaneous chemical products 1,028,556 0.12 932,93210.25
39 Plastics and articles thereof 10,931,495 1.30 6,063,09880.30
40 Rubber and articles thereof 20,987,329 2.51 17,113,63122.64
42 Articles of leather; saddlery and harness; travel goods, handbags and similar containers; articles of animal gut (other than silkworm gut) 18,254 0.00 36,614-50.14
44 Wood and articles of wood; wood charcoal 15,177,133 1.81 12,187,04324.53
45 Cork and articles of cork 1,307 0.00 0
46 Manufactures of straw, of esparto or of other plaiting materials; basketware and wickerwork 192 0.00 416-53.85
47 Pulp of wood or of other fibrous cellulosic material; waste and scrap of paper or paperboard 221,637 0.03 317,503-30.19
48 Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, of paper or of paperboard 3,213,945 0.38 3,064,3564.88
49 Printed books, newspapers, pictures and other products of the printing industry; manuscripts, typescripts and plans 50,385 0.01 37,52034.29
52 Cotton 28,794 0.00 50,772-43.29
54 Man-made filaments 498,802 0.06 903,129-44.77
55 Man-made staple fibers 2 0.00 228-99.12
56 Wadding, felt and nonwovens; special yarns, twine, cordage, ropes and cables and articles thereof 48,633 0.01 6,110695.96
57 Carpets and other textile floor coverings 15,949 0.00 4634,571.74
58 Special woven fabrics; tufted textile fabrics; lace, tapestries; trimmings; embroidery 657 0.00 162305.56
59 Impregnated, coated, covered or laminated textile fabrics; textile articles of a kind suitable for industrial use 654,171 0.08 195335,372.31
61 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, knitted or crocheted 338,521 0.04 146,174131.59
62 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, not knitted or crocheted 232,285 0.03 76,706202.83
63 Other made up textile articles; sets; worn clothing and worn textile articles; rags 801,373 0.10 201,733297.24
64 Footwear, gaiters and the like; parts of such articles 243,100 0.03 221,1289.94
65 Headgear and parts thereof 13,881 0.00 10,89327.43
66 Umbrellas, sun umbrellas, walking sticks, seatsticks, whips, riding-crops and parts thereof 533 0.00 34853.16
67 Prepared feathers and down and articles made of feathers or of down; artificial flowers; articles of human hair 21,314 0.00 0
68 Articles of stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, mica or similar materials 5,401,362 0.64 4,897,69610.28
69 Ceramic products 205,213 0.02 39,352421.48
70 Glass and glassware 2,617,966 0.31 3,723,181-29.68
71 Natural or cultured pearls, precious or semi-precious stones,precious metals, metals clad with precious metal and articles thereof; imitation jewelry; coin 150,235 0.02 32,746358.79
72 Iron and steel 76,847,253 9.17 63,582,88920.86
73 Articles of iron or steel 1,116,352 0.13 1,095,8641.87
74 Copper and articles thereof 323,759 0.04 318,9601.50
75 Nickel and articles thereof 1,243,554 0.15 923,49534.66
76 Aluminum and articles thereof 2,934,058 0.35 2,411,01521.69
78 Lead and articles thereof 2,106,802 0.25 2,771,023-23.97
79 Zinc and articles thereof 490 0.00 0
81 Other base metals; cermets; articles thereof 70,755 0.01 284,911-75.17
82 Tools, implements, cutlery, spoons and forks, of base metal; parts thereof of base metal 147,661 0.02 358,708-58.84
83 Miscellaneous articles of base metal 294,458 0.04 242,19521.58
84 Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof 38,105,342 4.55 40,230,196-5.28
85 Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound recorders and reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts and accessories of such articles 5,780,653 0.69 2,621,241120.53
86 Railway or tramway locomotives, rolling-stock and parts thereof; railway or tramway track fixtures and fittings and parts thereof; mechanical (including electro-mechanical) traffic signalling equipment of all kinds 1,527,687 0.18 213,293616.24
87 Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling stock, and parts and accessories thereof 4,265,697 0.51 1,476,852188.84
89 Ships, boats and floating structures 49,906 0.01 0
90 Optical, photographic, cinematographic, measuring, checking, precision, medical or surgical instruments and apparatus; parts and accessories thereof 1,464,524 0.17 1,675,701-12.60
91 Clocks and watches and parts thereof 157 0.00 539-70.87
92 Musical instruments; parts and accessories of such articles 2,365 0.00 8,668-72.72
94 Furniture; bedding, mattresses, mattress supports, cushions and similar stuffed furnishings; lamps and lighting fittings, not elsewhere specified or included; illuminated sign illuminated nameplates and the like; prefabricated buildings 3,164,128 0.38 1,689,58687.27
95 Toys, games and sports requisites; parts and accessories thereof 400,436 0.05 208,46592.09
96 Miscellaneous manufactured articles 777,870 0.09 792,204-1.81
97 Works of art, collectors’ pieces and antiques 0 0.00 7,114-100.00
SS Classified 139,241,860 16.62 44 648 543211.86

Russia’s Imports from the Czech Republic

The major share of Russian imports from the Czech Republic in the 1st quarter of 2021 (and in the 1st quarter of 2020) was accounted for the following product types:

  • Machinery, equipment and vehicles (HS codes 84-90) - 64.62% of Russia’s total imports from the Czech Republic (69.34% in the 1st quarter of 2020);
  • Chemical products (HS codes 28-40) - 12.04% of Russia’s total imports from the Czech Republic (9.46% in the 1st quarter of 2020);
  • Metals and products from them (HS codes 72-83) - 6.54% of Russia’s total imports from the Czech Republic (6.17% in the 1st quarter of 2020);
  • Food products and agricultural raw materials (HS codes 01-24) - 5.23% of Russia’s total imports from the Czech Republic (4.81% in the 1st quarter of 2020);
  • Textiles, textile products and footwear (HS codes 50-67) - 1.54% of Russia’s total imports from the Czech Republic (1.42% in the 1st quarter of 2020);
  • Wood and wood products (HS codes 44-49) - 0.95% of Russia’s total imports from the Czech Republic (1.23% in the 1st quarter of 2020).

The largest gains in Russia’s imports from the Czech Republic in the 1st quarter of 2021 over the 1st quarter of 2020 were recorded for the following product groups:

  • Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound recorders and reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts and accessories of such articles (HS code 85) - an increase of $20,609,045;
  • Pharmaceutical products (HS code 30) - an increase of $12,187,873;
  • Organic chemicals (HS code 29) - an increase of $6,982,960;
  • Plastics and articles thereof (HS code 39) - an increase of $4,887,994;
  • Optical, photographic, cinematographic, measuring, checking, precision, medical or surgical instruments and apparatus; parts and accessories thereof (HS code 90) - an increase of $3,923,689;
  • Toys, games and sports requisites; parts and accessories thereof (HS code 95) - an increase of $3,545,385;
  • Residues and waste from the food industries; prepared animal feed (HS code 23) - an increase of $3,527,688;
  • Miscellaneous articles of base metal (HS code 83) - an increase of $2,886,069;
  • Aluminum and articles thereof (HS code 76) - an increase of $2,779,903;
  • Rubber and articles thereof (HS code 40) - an increase of $2,675,879.

The largest declines in Russia’s imports from the Czech Republic in the 1st quarter of 2021 over the 1st quarter of 2020 were recorded for the following product groups:

  • Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling stock, and parts and accessories thereof (HS code 87) - a decrease of $21,515,932;
  • Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof (HS code 84) - a decrease of $12,916,933;
  • Furniture; bedding, mattresses, mattress supports, cushions and similar stuffed furnishings; lamps and lighting fittings, not elsewhere specified or included; illuminated sign illuminated nameplates and the like; prefabricated buildings (HS code 94) - a decrease of $6,759,850;
  • Railway or tramway locomotives, rolling-stock and parts thereof; railway or tramway track fixtures and fittings and parts thereof; mechanical (including electro-mechanical) traffic signalling equipment of all kinds (HS code 86) - a decrease of $5,612,038.
Russia’s imports from the Czech Republic in the 1st quarter of 2021 by product groups
HS
code
Name of product group Value of imports in Q1 2021,
US dollars ($)
Percent share in total import Value of imports in Q1 2020,
US dollars ($)
Percent change
in Q1 2021
over Q1 2020
01 Live animals 1,691,343 0.20 436,634287.36
04 Dairy produce; birds eggs; natural honey; edible products of animal origin, not elsewhere specified or included 7,250,784 0.86 6,607,7909.73
05 Products of animal origin, not elsewhere specified or included 40,141 0.00 11,205258.24
06 Live trees and other plants; bulbs, roots and the like; cut flowers and ornamental foliage 7,213 0.00 0
07 Edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers 334,612 0.04 214,20556.21
09 Coffee, tea, maté and spices 25,259 0.00 17114,671.35
10 Cereals 236,831 0.03 266,854-11.25
11 Products of the milling industry; malt; starches; inulin; wheat gluten 485,068 0.06 686,900-29.38
12 Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits; miscellaneous grains, seeds and fruits; industrial or medicinal plants; straw and fodder 3,564,463 0.42 5,614,906-36.52
13 Lac; gums, resins and other vegetable saps and extracts 627,185 0.07 599,9144.55
14 Vegetable plaiting materials; vegetable products not elsewhere specified or included 1,011 0.00 0
15 Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their cleavage products prepared edible fats; animal or vegetable waxes 6,944 0.00 2,886140.61
16 Preparations of meat, of fish or of crustaceans, molluscs or other aquatic invertebrates 209,012 0.02 83,774149.50
17 Sugars and sugar confectionery 582,996 0.07 638,147-8.64
18 Cocoa and cocoa preparations 54,438 0.01 188,459-71.11
19 Preparations of cereals, flour, starch or milk; bakers’ wares 2,434,615 0.29 1,455,27267.30
20 Preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts or other parts of plants 83,429 0.01 84,848-1.67
21 Miscellaneous edible preparations 2,014,458 0.24 1,754,19514.84
22 Beverages, spirits and vinegar 11,764,983 1.40 11,100,8225.98
23 Residues and waste from the food industries; prepared animal feed 12,473,709 1.49 8,946,02139.43
25 Salt; sulfur; earths and stone; plastering materials, lime and cement 278,291 0.03 396,399-29.80
27 Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminous substances; mineral waxes 1,915,606 0.23 229,122736.06
28 Inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, of rare-earth metals,of radioactive elements or of isotopes 1,756,983 0.21 2,303,779-23.73
29 Organic chemicals 12,421,518 1.48 5,438,558128.40
30 Pharmaceutical products 19,006,171 2.26 6,818,298178.75
31 Fertilizers 7,738 0.00 5,91730.78
32 Tanning or dyeing extracts; dyes, pigments, paints, varnishes, putty and mastics 3,213,656 0.38 3,534,482-9.08
33 Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery, cosmetic or toilet preparations 2,325,696 0.28 2,013,51815.50
34 Soap, organic surface-active agents, washing preparations, lubricating preparations, artificial waxes, prepared waxes, polishing or scouring preparations, candles and similar articles, modeling pastes, "dental waxes" and dental preparations with a basis of plaster 1,942,234 0.23 2,526,595-23.13
35 Albuminoidal substances; modified starches; glues; enzymes 244,524 0.03 455,845-46.36
36 Explosives; pyrotechnic products; matches; pyrophoric alloys; certain combustible preparations 444,391 0.05 3,60812,216.82
37 Photographic or cinematographic goods 101,278 0.01 551,225-81.63
38 Miscellaneous chemical products 4,078,697 0.49 4,488,238-9.12
39 Plastics and articles thereof 31,185,468 3.72 26,297,47418.59
40 Rubber and articles thereof 24,345,426 2.90 21,669,54712.35
41 Raw hides and skins (other than furskins) and leather 21,095 0.00 8,257155.48
42 Articles of leather; saddlery and harness; travel goods, handbags and similar containers; articles of animal gut (other than silkworm gut) 69,784 0.01 534,000-86.93
44 Wood and articles of wood; wood charcoal 1,085,800 0.13 821,40032.19
45 Cork and articles of cork 13,694 0.00 9,43145.20
46 Manufactures of straw, of esparto or of other plaiting materials; basketware and wickerwork 20,218 0.00 0
47 Pulp of wood or of other fibrous cellulosic material; waste and scrap of paper or paperboard 0 0.00 3,870-100.00
48 Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, of paper or of paperboard 6,009,366 0.72 6,346,527-5.31
49 Printed books, newspapers, pictures and other products of the printing industry; manuscripts, typescripts and plans 848,598 0.10 2,691,113-68.47
50 Silk 22 0.00 0
51 Wool, fine or coarse animal hair; horsehair yarn and woven fabric 195,307 0.02 125,40555.74
52 Cotton 20,421 0.00 7,962156.48
54 Man-made filaments 1,034,314 0.12 966,8966.97
55 Man-made staple fibers 345,919 0.04 177,21795.20
56 Wadding, felt and nonwovens; special yarns, twine, cordage, ropes and cables and articles thereof 4,527,294 0.54 4,527,472-0.00
57 Carpets and other textile floor coverings 212,802 0.03 144,46147.31
58 Special woven fabrics; tufted textile fabrics; lace, tapestries; trimmings; embroidery 183,801 0.02 194,729-5.61
59 Impregnated, coated, covered or laminated textile fabrics; textile articles of a kind suitable for industrial use 5,122,873 0.61 3,992,91028.30
60 Knitted or crocheted fabrics 153,918 0.02 120,16628.09
61 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, knitted or crocheted 407,339 0.05 377,0088.05
62 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, not knitted or crocheted 384,448 0.05 453,376-15.20
63 Other made up textile articles; sets; worn clothing and worn textile articles; rags 322,074 0.04 301,4266.85
64 Footwear, gaiters and the like; parts of such articles 33,389 0.00 38,372-12.99
65 Headgear and parts thereof 5,850 0.00 16,838-65.26
66 Umbrellas, sun umbrellas, walking sticks, seatsticks, whips, riding-crops and parts thereof 0 0.00 2,627-100.00
68 Articles of stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, mica or similar materials 2,407,698 0.29 3,472,093-30.66
69 Ceramic products 6,045,747 0.72 5,202,28116.21
70 Glass and glassware 8,906,481 1.06 7,988,09511.50
71 Natural or cultured pearls, precious or semi-precious stones,precious metals, metals clad with precious metal and articles thereof; imitation jewelry; coin 140,899 0.02 344,769-59.13
72 Iron and steel 6,122,426 0.73 5,468,68911.95
73 Articles of iron or steel 24,725,923 2.95 24,777,222-0.21
74 Copper and articles thereof 520,097 0.06 555,419-6.36
75 Nickel and articles thereof 223,495 0.03 110,801101.71
76 Aluminum and articles thereof 5,091,794 0.61 2,311,891120.24
78 Lead and articles thereof 0 0.00 13,919-100.00
79 Zinc and articles thereof 4,530 0.00 3,36134.78
81 Other base metals; cermets; articles thereof 77,973 0.01 28,695171.73
82 Tools, implements, cutlery, spoons and forks, of base metal; parts thereof of base metal 5,093,053 0.61 6,264,484-18.70
83 Miscellaneous articles of base metal 13,026,974 1.55 10,140,90528.46
84 Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof 257,204,690 30.65 270,121,623-4.78
85 Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound recorders and reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts and accessories of such articles 128,833,294 15.35 108,224,24919.04
86 Railway or tramway locomotives, rolling-stock and parts thereof; railway or tramway track fixtures and fittings and parts thereof; mechanical (including electro-mechanical) traffic signalling equipment of all kinds 2,343,630 0.28 7,955,668-70.54
87 Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling stock, and parts and accessories thereof 139,512,318 16.62 161,028,250-13.36
89 Ships, boats and floating structures 147 0.00 0
90 Optical, photographic, cinematographic, measuring, checking, precision, medical or surgical instruments and apparatus; parts and accessories thereof 14,450,332 1.72 10,526,64337.27
91 Clocks and watches and parts thereof 43,178 0.01 138,022-68.72
92 Musical instruments; parts and accessories of such articles 928,235 0.11 722,84028.42
94 Furniture; bedding, mattresses, mattress supports, cushions and similar stuffed furnishings; lamps and lighting fittings, not elsewhere specified or included; illuminated sign illuminated nameplates and the like; prefabricated buildings 11,674,520 1.39 18,434,370-36.67
95 Toys, games and sports requisites; parts and accessories thereof 19,105,093 2.28 15,559,70822.79
96 Miscellaneous manufactured articles 5,655,568 0.67 6,639,868-14.82
SS Classified 18,961,360 2.26 1 241 4451,427.36
Russian foreign trade statistics
Source: Federal Customs Service of Russia