Russian trade with Taiwan in 2020
February 14, 2021
by Russian Foreign Trade
based on data from the Federal Customs Service of Russia
based on data from the Federal Customs Service of Russia
The Report on Russia’s foreign trade in goods with Taiwan in 2020: exports, imports, products, dynamics.
Russia’s Trade with Taiwan
In 2020, Russia’s trade with Taiwan was $5,032,353,121, down 4.15% ($217,967,329) from 2019.
Russia’s exports to Taiwan in 2020 were $3,102,453,237, down 3.84% ($123,997,965) from 2019.
Russia’s imports from Taiwan in 2020 were $1,929,899,884, down 4.64% ($93,969,364) from 2019.
Russia’s trade surplus with Taiwan in 2020 was $1,172,553,353, a 2.50% decrease ($30,028,601) over 2019.
Taiwan was Russia’s 22nd largest trading partner in 2020 (up from 26th in 2019), accounting for 0.8863% of Russia’s total trade (up from 0.7877% in 2019).
Taiwan was Russia’s 21st largest export market in 2020 (up from 30th in 2019), accounting for 0.9223% of Russia’s total exports (up from 0.7632% in 2019).
Taiwan was Russia’s 25th largest supplier in 2020 (up from 27th in 2019), accounting for 0.8339% of Russia’s total imports (up from 0.8302% in 2019).
Russia’s Exports to Taiwan
The major share of Russian exports to Taiwan in 2020 (and in 2019) was accounted for the following product types:
- Metals and products from them (HS codes 72-83) - 54.19% of Russia’s total exports to Taiwan (50.25% in 2019);
- Mineral products (HS codes 25-27) - 41.08% of Russia’s total exports to Taiwan (43.79% in 2019);
- Chemical products (HS codes 28-40) - 3.17% of Russia’s total exports to Taiwan (4.09% in 2019).
The largest gains in Russia’s exports to Taiwan in 2020 over 2019 were recorded for the following product groups:
- Aluminum and articles thereof (HS code 76) - an increase of $84,714,581.
The largest declines in Russia’s exports to Taiwan in 2020 over 2019 were recorded for the following product groups:
- Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminous substances; mineral waxes (HS code 27) - a decrease of $138,655,407;
- Organic chemicals (HS code 29) - a decrease of $31,153,158;
- Iron and steel (HS code 72) - a decrease of $18,542,711.
| HS code |
Name of product group | Value of exports in 2020, US dollars ($) |
Percent share in total export | Value of exports in 2019, US dollars ($) |
Percent change in 2020 over 2019 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 02 | Meat and edible meat offal | 32,106 | 0.00 | 20,077 | 59.91 |
| 04 | Dairy produce; birds eggs; natural honey; edible products of animal origin, not elsewhere specified or included | 12,762 | 0.00 | 22,886 | -44.24 |
| 05 | Products of animal origin, not elsewhere specified or included | 4,625,582 | 0.15 | 7,074,142 | -34.61 |
| 07 | Edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers | 61,865 | 0.00 | 36,267 | 70.58 |
| 08 | Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or melons | 46,100 | 0.00 | 827 | 5,474.37 |
| 09 | Coffee, tea, maté and spices | 9,273 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 10 | Cereals | 111,148 | 0.00 | 6,196 | 1,693.87 |
| 11 | Products of the milling industry; malt; starches; inulin; wheat gluten | 693,532 | 0.02 | 280,391 | 147.34 |
| 12 | Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits; miscellaneous grains, seeds and fruits; industrial or medicinal plants; straw and fodder | 704,398 | 0.02 | 168,350 | 318.41 |
| 13 | Lac; gums, resins and other vegetable saps and extracts | 33,494 | 0.00 | 33,565 | -0.21 |
| 15 | Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their cleavage products prepared edible fats; animal or vegetable waxes | 544,274 | 0.02 | 684,287 | -20.46 |
| 16 | Preparations of meat, of fish or of crustaceans, molluscs or other aquatic invertebrates | 106,234 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 17 | Sugars and sugar confectionery | 0 | 0.00 | 2,516,318 | -100.00 |
| 18 | Cocoa and cocoa preparations | 1,593,924 | 0.05 | 844,774 | 88.68 |
| 19 | Preparations of cereals, flour, starch or milk; bakers’ wares | 2,352,267 | 0.08 | 1,139,772 | 106.38 |
| 20 | Preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts or other parts of plants | 29,164 | 0.00 | 61,914 | -52.90 |
| 21 | Miscellaneous edible preparations | 99,443 | 0.00 | 47,890 | 107.65 |
| 22 | Beverages, spirits and vinegar | 127,674 | 0.00 | 77,329 | 65.10 |
| 23 | Residues and waste from the food industries; prepared animal feed | 1,584 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 24 | Tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes | 4,909,229 | 0.16 | 9,965,803 | -50.74 |
| 25 | Salt; sulfur; earths and stone; plastering materials, lime and cement | 35,007 | 0.00 | 16,570 | 111.27 |
| 27 | Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminous substances; mineral waxes | 1,274,341,220 | 41.08 | 1,412,996,627 | -9.81 |
| 28 | Inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, of rare-earth metals,of radioactive elements or of isotopes | 1,628,178 | 0.05 | 2,416,051 | -32.61 |
| 29 | Organic chemicals | 83,524,796 | 2.69 | 114,677,954 | -27.17 |
| 30 | Pharmaceutical products | 288,787 | 0.01 | 7,240 | 3,888.77 |
| 31 | Fertilizers | 4,168,952 | 0.13 | 0 | ∞ |
| 32 | Tanning or dyeing extracts; dyes, pigments, paints, varnishes, putty and mastics | 62,364 | 0.00 | 108,393 | -42.46 |
| 33 | Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery, cosmetic or toilet preparations | 464,520 | 0.01 | 174,936 | 165.54 |
| 34 | Soap, organic surface-active agents, washing preparations, lubricating preparations, artificial waxes, prepared waxes, polishing or scouring preparations, candles and similar articles, modeling pastes, "dental waxes" and dental preparations with a basis of plaster | 21,916 | 0.00 | 37,863 | -42.12 |
| 35 | Albuminoidal substances; modified starches; glues; enzymes | 0 | 0.00 | 43 | -100.00 |
| 38 | Miscellaneous chemical products | 98,384 | 0.00 | 134,061 | -26.61 |
| 39 | Plastics and articles thereof | 626,380 | 0.02 | 500,065 | 25.26 |
| 40 | Rubber and articles thereof | 7,538,689 | 0.24 | 14,039,147 | -46.30 |
| 41 | Raw hides and skins (other than furskins) and leather | 473,750 | 0.02 | 189,242 | 150.34 |
| 42 | Articles of leather; saddlery and harness; travel goods, handbags and similar containers; articles of animal gut (other than silkworm gut) | 3,907 | 0.00 | 53,511 | -92.70 |
| 44 | Wood and articles of wood; wood charcoal | 5,282,286 | 0.17 | 5,678,800 | -6.98 |
| 47 | Pulp of wood or of other fibrous cellulosic material; waste and scrap of paper or paperboard | 4,153,235 | 0.13 | 3,090,304 | 34.40 |
| 48 | Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, of paper or of paperboard | 7,901,877 | 0.25 | 10,981,833 | -28.05 |
| 49 | Printed books, newspapers, pictures and other products of the printing industry; manuscripts, typescripts and plans | 5,023 | 0.00 | 6,532 | -23.10 |
| 56 | Wadding, felt and nonwovens; special yarns, twine, cordage, ropes and cables and articles thereof | 7,327 | 0.00 | 2,231 | 228.42 |
| 58 | Special woven fabrics; tufted textile fabrics; lace, tapestries; trimmings; embroidery | 1,206 | 0.00 | 1,189 | 1.43 |
| 59 | Impregnated, coated, covered or laminated textile fabrics; textile articles of a kind suitable for industrial use | 0 | 0.00 | 765 | -100.00 |
| 61 | Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, knitted or crocheted | 20,935 | 0.00 | 14,851 | 40.97 |
| 62 | Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, not knitted or crocheted | 12,366 | 0.00 | 4,685 | 163.95 |
| 63 | Other made up textile articles; sets; worn clothing and worn textile articles; rags | 1,983 | 0.00 | 3,545 | -44.06 |
| 64 | Footwear, gaiters and the like; parts of such articles | 79,843 | 0.00 | 62,192 | 28.38 |
| 65 | Headgear and parts thereof | 272 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 68 | Articles of stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, mica or similar materials | 33,195 | 0.00 | 61,537 | -46.06 |
| 70 | Glass and glassware | 14,910 | 0.00 | 113,093 | -86.82 |
| 71 | Natural or cultured pearls, precious or semi-precious stones,precious metals, metals clad with precious metal and articles thereof; imitation jewelry; coin | 3,003,577 | 0.10 | 6,130,804 | -51.01 |
| 72 | Iron and steel | 1,560,724,261 | 50.31 | 1,579,266,972 | -1.17 |
| 73 | Articles of iron or steel | 3,230,104 | 0.10 | 7,694,342 | -58.02 |
| 74 | Copper and articles thereof | 584,285 | 0.02 | 1,569,767 | -62.78 |
| 75 | Nickel and articles thereof | 26,300 | 0.00 | 11,367 | 131.37 |
| 76 | Aluminum and articles thereof | 115,210,279 | 3.71 | 30,495,698 | 277.79 |
| 79 | Zinc and articles thereof | 0 | 0.00 | 285 | -100.00 |
| 80 | Tin and articles thereof | 2,688 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 81 | Other base metals; cermets; articles thereof | 1,497,021 | 0.05 | 2,350,985 | -36.32 |
| 82 | Tools, implements, cutlery, spoons and forks, of base metal; parts thereof of base metal | 27,851 | 0.00 | 8,555 | 225.55 |
| 83 | Miscellaneous articles of base metal | 12,951 | 0.00 | 24,014 | -46.07 |
| 84 | Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof | 3,066,284 | 0.10 | 2,629,931 | 16.59 |
| 85 | Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound recorders and reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts and accessories of such articles | 7,171,767 | 0.23 | 6,468,302 | 10.88 |
| 87 | Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling stock, and parts and accessories thereof | 26,917 | 0.00 | 178,439 | -84.92 |
| 90 | Optical, photographic, cinematographic, measuring, checking, precision, medical or surgical instruments and apparatus; parts and accessories thereof | 814,372 | 0.03 | 1,080,312 | -24.62 |
| 92 | Musical instruments; parts and accessories of such articles | 7,508 | 0.00 | 6,962 | 7.84 |
| 94 | Furniture; bedding, mattresses, mattress supports, cushions and similar stuffed furnishings; lamps and lighting fittings, not elsewhere specified or included; illuminated sign illuminated nameplates and the like; prefabricated buildings | 8,984 | 0.00 | 117,324 | -92.34 |
| 95 | Toys, games and sports requisites; parts and accessories thereof | 121,454 | 0.00 | 17,717 | 585.52 |
| 96 | Miscellaneous manufactured articles | 24,466 | 0.00 | 21,229 | 15.25 |
| 97 | Works of art, collectors’ pieces and antiques | 1,421 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| SS | Classified | 5,386 | 0.00 | 24 149 | -77.70 |
Russia’s Imports from Taiwan
The major share of Russian imports from Taiwan in 2020 (and in 2019) was accounted for the following product types:
- Machinery, equipment and vehicles (HS codes 84-90) - 75.55% of Russia’s total imports from Taiwan (73.07% in 2019);
- Metals and products from them (HS codes 72-83) - 11.23% of Russia’s total imports from Taiwan (12.05% in 2019);
- Chemical products (HS codes 28-40) - 8.91% of Russia’s total imports from Taiwan (9.19% in 2019);
- Textiles, textile products and footwear (HS codes 50-67) - 1.32% of Russia’s total imports from Taiwan (1.53% in 2019).
The largest gains in Russia’s imports from Taiwan in 2020 over 2019 were recorded for the following product groups:
- Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound recorders and reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts and accessories of such articles (HS code 85) - an increase of $9,596,780.
The largest declines in Russia’s imports from Taiwan in 2020 over 2019 were recorded for the following product groups:
- Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof (HS code 84) - a decrease of $37,939,044;
- Iron and steel (HS code 72) - a decrease of $12,262,048;
- Tools, implements, cutlery, spoons and forks, of base metal; parts thereof of base metal (HS code 82) - a decrease of $8,860,741;
- Furniture; bedding, mattresses, mattress supports, cushions and similar stuffed furnishings; lamps and lighting fittings, not elsewhere specified or included; illuminated sign illuminated nameplates and the like; prefabricated buildings (HS code 94) - a decrease of $7,726,771;
- Clocks and watches and parts thereof (HS code 91) - a decrease of $6,208,418.
| HS code |
Name of product group | Value of imports in 2020, US dollars ($) |
Percent share in total import | Value of imports in 2019, US dollars ($) |
Percent change in 2020 over 2019 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 03 | Fish and crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates | 1,537,101 | 0.08 | 2,524,949 | -39.12 |
| 06 | Live trees and other plants; bulbs, roots and the like; cut flowers and ornamental foliage | 244,165 | 0.01 | 310,065 | -21.25 |
| 07 | Edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers | 0 | 0.00 | 1,814 | -100.00 |
| 09 | Coffee, tea, maté and spices | 147,213 | 0.01 | 80,442 | 83.01 |
| 12 | Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits; miscellaneous grains, seeds and fruits; industrial or medicinal plants; straw and fodder | 30,271 | 0.00 | 23,547 | 28.56 |
| 13 | Lac; gums, resins and other vegetable saps and extracts | 1,970 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 15 | Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their cleavage products prepared edible fats; animal or vegetable waxes | 27,002 | 0.00 | 39,369 | -31.41 |
| 17 | Sugars and sugar confectionery | 121,713 | 0.01 | 60,262 | 101.97 |
| 18 | Cocoa and cocoa preparations | 1,623 | 0.00 | 3,195 | -49.20 |
| 19 | Preparations of cereals, flour, starch or milk; bakers’ wares | 263,821 | 0.01 | 282,894 | -6.74 |
| 20 | Preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts or other parts of plants | 98,632 | 0.01 | 110,151 | -10.46 |
| 21 | Miscellaneous edible preparations | 852,247 | 0.04 | 1,004,253 | -15.14 |
| 22 | Beverages, spirits and vinegar | 579,549 | 0.03 | 725,303 | -20.10 |
| 24 | Tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes | 698,482 | 0.04 | 0 | ∞ |
| 25 | Salt; sulfur; earths and stone; plastering materials, lime and cement | 14,538 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 26 | Ores, slag and ash | 505,301 | 0.03 | 249,830 | 102.26 |
| 27 | Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminous substances; mineral waxes | 50,822 | 0.00 | 46,580 | 9.11 |
| 28 | Inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, of rare-earth metals,of radioactive elements or of isotopes | 1,402,528 | 0.07 | 4,841,029 | -71.03 |
| 29 | Organic chemicals | 11,799,768 | 0.61 | 14,173,766 | -16.75 |
| 30 | Pharmaceutical products | 1,259,145 | 0.07 | 6,936,062 | -81.85 |
| 31 | Fertilizers | 342,934 | 0.02 | 1,540,925 | -77.74 |
| 32 | Tanning or dyeing extracts; dyes, pigments, paints, varnishes, putty and mastics | 9,712,857 | 0.50 | 7,744,039 | 25.42 |
| 33 | Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery, cosmetic or toilet preparations | 6,516,035 | 0.34 | 6,548,357 | -0.49 |
| 34 | Soap, organic surface-active agents, washing preparations, lubricating preparations, artificial waxes, prepared waxes, polishing or scouring preparations, candles and similar articles, modeling pastes, "dental waxes" and dental preparations with a basis of plaster | 1,740,192 | 0.09 | 1,590,074 | 9.44 |
| 35 | Albuminoidal substances; modified starches; glues; enzymes | 920,437 | 0.05 | 1,385,038 | -33.54 |
| 37 | Photographic or cinematographic goods | 3,889,462 | 0.20 | 5,661,877 | -31.30 |
| 38 | Miscellaneous chemical products | 14,428,939 | 0.75 | 12,096,474 | 19.28 |
| 39 | Plastics and articles thereof | 81,810,604 | 4.24 | 81,905,168 | -0.12 |
| 40 | Rubber and articles thereof | 38,076,034 | 1.97 | 41,557,332 | -8.38 |
| 42 | Articles of leather; saddlery and harness; travel goods, handbags and similar containers; articles of animal gut (other than silkworm gut) | 849,162 | 0.04 | 972,537 | -12.69 |
| 43 | Furskins and artificial fur; manufactures thereof | 67 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 44 | Wood and articles of wood; wood charcoal | 368,757 | 0.02 | 838,301 | -56.01 |
| 45 | Cork and articles of cork | 2,581 | 0.00 | 1,940 | 33.04 |
| 46 | Manufactures of straw, of esparto or of other plaiting materials; basketware and wickerwork | 545,900 | 0.03 | 373,592 | 46.12 |
| 48 | Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, of paper or of paperboard | 1,768,862 | 0.09 | 7,318,742 | -75.83 |
| 49 | Printed books, newspapers, pictures and other products of the printing industry; manuscripts, typescripts and plans | 319,935 | 0.02 | 436,783 | -26.75 |
| 50 | Silk | 0 | 0.00 | 4,491 | -100.00 |
| 51 | Wool, fine or coarse animal hair; horsehair yarn and woven fabric | 0 | 0.00 | 7,488 | -100.00 |
| 52 | Cotton | 91,897 | 0.00 | 50,175 | 83.15 |
| 53 | Other vegetable textile fibers; paper yarn and woven fabric of paper yarn | 18,943 | 0.00 | 164,400 | -88.48 |
| 54 | Man-made filaments | 3,770,316 | 0.20 | 3,972,500 | -5.09 |
| 55 | Man-made staple fibers | 5,873,492 | 0.30 | 7,814,881 | -24.84 |
| 56 | Wadding, felt and nonwovens; special yarns, twine, cordage, ropes and cables and articles thereof | 2,740,920 | 0.14 | 2,625,416 | 4.40 |
| 57 | Carpets and other textile floor coverings | 1,878 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 58 | Special woven fabrics; tufted textile fabrics; lace, tapestries; trimmings; embroidery | 460,102 | 0.02 | 553,614 | -16.89 |
| 59 | Impregnated, coated, covered or laminated textile fabrics; textile articles of a kind suitable for industrial use | 1,252,172 | 0.06 | 2,054,402 | -39.05 |
| 60 | Knitted or crocheted fabrics | 1,068,655 | 0.06 | 1,047,971 | 1.97 |
| 61 | Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, knitted or crocheted | 1,648,614 | 0.09 | 2,243,329 | -26.51 |
| 62 | Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, not knitted or crocheted | 330,736 | 0.02 | 515,276 | -35.81 |
| 63 | Other made up textile articles; sets; worn clothing and worn textile articles; rags | 4,287,013 | 0.22 | 4,811,122 | -10.89 |
| 64 | Footwear, gaiters and the like; parts of such articles | 366,568 | 0.02 | 903,276 | -59.42 |
| 65 | Headgear and parts thereof | 3,299,922 | 0.17 | 3,749,844 | -12.00 |
| 66 | Umbrellas, sun umbrellas, walking sticks, seatsticks, whips, riding-crops and parts thereof | 233,051 | 0.01 | 455,533 | -48.84 |
| 67 | Prepared feathers and down and articles made of feathers or of down; artificial flowers; articles of human hair | 21,918 | 0.00 | 863 | 2,439.75 |
| 68 | Articles of stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, mica or similar materials | 1,836,887 | 0.10 | 1,444,714 | 27.15 |
| 69 | Ceramic products | 369,194 | 0.02 | 221,744 | 66.50 |
| 70 | Glass and glassware | 7,740,278 | 0.40 | 10,314,783 | -24.96 |
| 71 | Natural or cultured pearls, precious or semi-precious stones,precious metals, metals clad with precious metal and articles thereof; imitation jewelry; coin | 120,325 | 0.01 | 207,947 | -42.14 |
| 72 | Iron and steel | 48,428,952 | 2.51 | 60,691,000 | -20.20 |
| 73 | Articles of iron or steel | 64,517,893 | 3.34 | 67,318,984 | -4.16 |
| 74 | Copper and articles thereof | 1,521,280 | 0.08 | 1,837,873 | -17.23 |
| 75 | Nickel and articles thereof | 10,611 | 0.00 | 72,946 | -85.45 |
| 76 | Aluminum and articles thereof | 3,843,627 | 0.20 | 4,596,755 | -16.38 |
| 78 | Lead and articles thereof | 0 | 0.00 | 807 | -100.00 |
| 79 | Zinc and articles thereof | 52,321 | 0.00 | 131,742 | -60.29 |
| 80 | Tin and articles thereof | 13,192 | 0.00 | 15,793 | -16.47 |
| 81 | Other base metals; cermets; articles thereof | 82,980 | 0.00 | 206,175 | -59.75 |
| 82 | Tools, implements, cutlery, spoons and forks, of base metal; parts thereof of base metal | 88,746,281 | 4.60 | 97,607,022 | -9.08 |
| 83 | Miscellaneous articles of base metal | 9,509,832 | 0.49 | 11,402,220 | -16.60 |
| 84 | Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof | 683,497,104 | 35.42 | 721,436,148 | -5.26 |
| 85 | Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound recorders and reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts and accessories of such articles | 662,250,723 | 34.32 | 652,653,943 | 1.47 |
| 86 | Railway or tramway locomotives, rolling-stock and parts thereof; railway or tramway track fixtures and fittings and parts thereof; mechanical (including electro-mechanical) traffic signalling equipment of all kinds | 19,727 | 0.00 | 8,244 | 139.29 |
| 87 | Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling stock, and parts and accessories thereof | 55,988,413 | 2.90 | 53,302,557 | 5.04 |
| 89 | Ships, boats and floating structures | 3,838,490 | 0.20 | 76,919 | 4,890.30 |
| 90 | Optical, photographic, cinematographic, measuring, checking, precision, medical or surgical instruments and apparatus; parts and accessories thereof | 52,354,761 | 2.71 | 51,357,362 | 1.94 |
| 91 | Clocks and watches and parts thereof | 431,844 | 0.02 | 6,640,262 | -93.50 |
| 92 | Musical instruments; parts and accessories of such articles | 617,860 | 0.03 | 1,095,619 | -43.61 |
| 94 | Furniture; bedding, mattresses, mattress supports, cushions and similar stuffed furnishings; lamps and lighting fittings, not elsewhere specified or included; illuminated sign illuminated nameplates and the like; prefabricated buildings | 12,598,473 | 0.65 | 20,325,244 | -38.02 |
| 95 | Toys, games and sports requisites; parts and accessories thereof | 17,593,124 | 0.91 | 19,364,899 | -9.15 |
| 96 | Miscellaneous manufactured articles | 5,336,380 | 0.28 | 5,842,350 | -8.66 |
| SS | Classified | 2,184,486 | 0.11 | 3 335 925 | -34.52 |