Russian trade with Singapore in 2021
February 16, 2022
by Russian Foreign Trade
based on data from the Federal Customs Service of Russia
based on data from the Federal Customs Service of Russia
The Report on Russia’s foreign trade in goods with Singapore in 2021: exports, imports, products, dynamics.
Russia’s Trade with Singapore
In 2021, Russia’s trade with Singapore totaled $2,271,351,598, up 35.16% ($590,841,985) from 2020.
Russia’s exports to Singapore in 2021 totaled $1,670,167,082, up 44.64% ($515,475,072) from 2020.
Russia’s imports from Singapore in 2021 totaled $601,184,516, up 14.33% ($75,366,913) from 2020.
Russia’s trade surplus with Singapore in 2021 was $1,068,982,566, a 69.98% increase ($440,108,159) over 2020.
Singapore was Russia’s 53rd largest trading partner in 2021 (just as in 2020), accounting for 0.2893% of Russia’s total trade (down from 0.2960% in 2020).
Singapore was Russia’s 50th largest export market in 2021 (down from 48th in 2020), accounting for 0.3398% of Russia’s total exports (down from 0.3433% in 2020).
Singapore was Russia’s 53rd largest supplier in 2021 (down from 51st in 2020), accounting for 0.2049% of Russia’s total imports (down from 0.2272% in 2020).
Russia’s Exports to Singapore
The major share of Russian exports to Singapore in 2021 (and in 2020) was accounted for the following product types:
- Mineral products (HS codes 25-27) - 92.31% of Russia’s total exports to Singapore (95.34% in 2020);
- Machinery, equipment and vehicles (HS codes 84-90) - 2.87% of Russia’s total exports to Singapore (0.90% in 2020);
- Metals and products from them (HS codes 72-83) - 2.40% of Russia’s total exports to Singapore (1.39% in 2020);
- Chemical products (HS codes 28-40) - 1.51% of Russia’s total exports to Singapore (1.55% in 2020).
The largest gains in Russia’s exports to Singapore in 2021 over 2020 were recorded for the following product groups:
- Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminous substances; mineral waxes (HS code 27) - an increase of $376,532,224;
- Lead and articles thereof (HS code 78) - an increase of $23,173,792;
- Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof (HS code 84) - an increase of $18,896,825;
- Ships, boats and floating structures (HS code 89) - an increase of $17,626,509;
- Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery, cosmetic or toilet preparations (HS code 33) - an increase of $5,348,995.
The largest declines in Russia’s exports to Singapore in 2021 over 2020 were recorded for the following product groups:
- Organic chemicals (HS code 29) - a decrease of $7,413,713.
| HS code |
Name of product group | Value of exports in 2021, US dollars ($) |
Percent share in total export | Value of exports in 2020, US dollars ($) |
Percent change in 2021 over 2020 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01 | Live animals | 10,033 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 02 | Meat and edible meat offal | 42,929 | 0.00 | 77,751 | -44.79 |
| 03 | Fish and crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates | 129,825 | 0.01 | 766,978 | -83.07 |
| 04 | Dairy produce; birds eggs; natural honey; edible products of animal origin, not elsewhere specified or included | 25,499 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 05 | Products of animal origin, not elsewhere specified or included | 17,740 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 07 | Edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers | 48,243 | 0.00 | 37,983 | 27.01 |
| 08 | Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or melons | 193 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 09 | Coffee, tea, maté and spices | 53,402 | 0.00 | 423,107 | -87.38 |
| 11 | Products of the milling industry; malt; starches; inulin; wheat gluten | 53,471 | 0.00 | 62,787 | -14.84 |
| 12 | Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits; miscellaneous grains, seeds and fruits; industrial or medicinal plants; straw and fodder | 455,286 | 0.03 | 130,054 | 250.07 |
| 13 | Lac; gums, resins and other vegetable saps and extracts | 0 | 0.00 | 806 | -100.00 |
| 15 | Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their cleavage products prepared edible fats; animal or vegetable waxes | 11,759 | 0.00 | 990,043 | -98.81 |
| 16 | Preparations of meat, of fish or of crustaceans, molluscs or other aquatic invertebrates | 186,095 | 0.01 | 156,375 | 19.01 |
| 17 | Sugars and sugar confectionery | 4,264 | 0.00 | 3,462 | 23.17 |
| 18 | Cocoa and cocoa preparations | 1,986,959 | 0.12 | 1,282,347 | 54.95 |
| 19 | Preparations of cereals, flour, starch or milk; bakers’ wares | 117,419 | 0.01 | 5,974 | 1,865.50 |
| 20 | Preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts or other parts of plants | 44,570 | 0.00 | 53,313 | -16.40 |
| 21 | Miscellaneous edible preparations | 649,249 | 0.04 | 340,776 | 90.52 |
| 22 | Beverages, spirits and vinegar | 98,108 | 0.01 | 240,096 | -59.14 |
| 23 | Residues and waste from the food industries; prepared animal feed | 3,471 | 0.00 | 911 | 281.01 |
| 24 | Tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes | 16,375 | 0.00 | 510,832 | -96.79 |
| 25 | Salt; sulfur; earths and stone; plastering materials, lime and cement | 2,107,898 | 0.13 | 132,134 | 1,495.27 |
| 27 | Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminous substances; mineral waxes | 1,477,231,617 | 88.45 | 1,100,699,393 | 34.21 |
| 28 | Inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, of rare-earth metals,of radioactive elements or of isotopes | 4,825,426 | 0.29 | 670,873 | 619.28 |
| 29 | Organic chemicals | 163,381 | 0.01 | 7,577,094 | -97.84 |
| 30 | Pharmaceutical products | 70,207 | 0.00 | 61,179 | 14.76 |
| 31 | Fertilizers | 3,052,382 | 0.18 | 0 | ∞ |
| 32 | Tanning or dyeing extracts; dyes, pigments, paints, varnishes, putty and mastics | 19,924 | 0.00 | 3,726 | 434.73 |
| 33 | Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery, cosmetic or toilet preparations | 13,043,493 | 0.78 | 7,694,498 | 69.52 |
| 34 | Soap, organic surface-active agents, washing preparations, lubricating preparations, artificial waxes, prepared waxes, polishing or scouring preparations, candles and similar articles, modeling pastes, "dental waxes" and dental preparations with a basis of plaster | 517,529 | 0.03 | 103,145 | 401.75 |
| 35 | Albuminoidal substances; modified starches; glues; enzymes | 3,673 | 0.00 | 1,950 | 88.36 |
| 38 | Miscellaneous chemical products | 578,371 | 0.03 | 377,634 | 53.16 |
| 39 | Plastics and articles thereof | 1,163,276 | 0.07 | 629,791 | 84.71 |
| 40 | Rubber and articles thereof | 720,592 | 0.04 | 738,212 | -2.39 |
| 42 | Articles of leather; saddlery and harness; travel goods, handbags and similar containers; articles of animal gut (other than silkworm gut) | 3,688 | 0.00 | 1,204 | 206.31 |
| 44 | Wood and articles of wood; wood charcoal | 452,005 | 0.03 | 87,675 | 415.55 |
| 48 | Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, of paper or of paperboard | 1,039,929 | 0.06 | 676,884 | 53.63 |
| 49 | Printed books, newspapers, pictures and other products of the printing industry; manuscripts, typescripts and plans | 30,937 | 0.00 | 13,612 | 127.28 |
| 56 | Wadding, felt and nonwovens; special yarns, twine, cordage, ropes and cables and articles thereof | 634,136 | 0.04 | 119,565 | 430.37 |
| 57 | Carpets and other textile floor coverings | 144 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 58 | Special woven fabrics; tufted textile fabrics; lace, tapestries; trimmings; embroidery | 315 | 0.00 | 227 | 38.77 |
| 60 | Knitted or crocheted fabrics | 6 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 61 | Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, knitted or crocheted | 10,498 | 0.00 | 11,528 | -8.93 |
| 62 | Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, not knitted or crocheted | 21,979 | 0.00 | 3,234 | 579.62 |
| 63 | Other made up textile articles; sets; worn clothing and worn textile articles; rags | 6,425 | 0.00 | 10,929 | -41.21 |
| 64 | Footwear, gaiters and the like; parts of such articles | 33,585 | 0.00 | 20,503 | 63.81 |
| 65 | Headgear and parts thereof | 1,769 | 0.00 | 624 | 183.49 |
| 66 | Umbrellas, sun umbrellas, walking sticks, seatsticks, whips, riding-crops and parts thereof | 161 | 0.00 | 225 | -28.44 |
| 67 | Prepared feathers and down and articles made of feathers or of down; artificial flowers; articles of human hair | 191 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 68 | Articles of stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, mica or similar materials | 650,020 | 0.04 | 173,517 | 274.61 |
| 69 | Ceramic products | 20,803 | 0.00 | 47,919 | -56.59 |
| 70 | Glass and glassware | 68,744 | 0.00 | 85,876 | -19.95 |
| 71 | Natural or cultured pearls, precious or semi-precious stones,precious metals, metals clad with precious metal and articles thereof; imitation jewelry; coin | 7,393,490 | 0.44 | 3,049,094 | 142.48 |
| 72 | Iron and steel | 2,467 | 0.00 | 50,206 | -95.09 |
| 73 | Articles of iron or steel | 1,416,562 | 0.08 | 3,783,313 | -62.56 |
| 74 | Copper and articles thereof | 5,373 | 0.00 | 63,928 | -91.60 |
| 75 | Nickel and articles thereof | 8,046 | 0.00 | 158,243 | -94.92 |
| 76 | Aluminum and articles thereof | 3,558,316 | 0.21 | 1,946,022 | 82.85 |
| 78 | Lead and articles thereof | 32,653,392 | 1.96 | 9,479,600 | 244.46 |
| 79 | Zinc and articles thereof | 451 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 80 | Tin and articles thereof | 3,499 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 81 | Other base metals; cermets; articles thereof | 159,228 | 0.01 | 86,183 | 84.76 |
| 82 | Tools, implements, cutlery, spoons and forks, of base metal; parts thereof of base metal | 725,221 | 0.04 | 404,864 | 79.13 |
| 83 | Miscellaneous articles of base metal | 8,971 | 0.00 | 21,360 | -58.00 |
| 84 | Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof | 22,870,844 | 1.37 | 3,974,019 | 475.51 |
| 85 | Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound recorders and reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts and accessories of such articles | 2,906,137 | 0.17 | 2,659,215 | 9.29 |
| 86 | Railway or tramway locomotives, rolling-stock and parts thereof; railway or tramway track fixtures and fittings and parts thereof; mechanical (including electro-mechanical) traffic signalling equipment of all kinds | 8,379 | 0.00 | 333,939 | -97.49 |
| 87 | Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling stock, and parts and accessories thereof | 395,657 | 0.02 | 6,659 | 5,841.69 |
| 89 | Ships, boats and floating structures | 18,126,690 | 1.09 | 500,181 | 3,524.03 |
| 90 | Optical, photographic, cinematographic, measuring, checking, precision, medical or surgical instruments and apparatus; parts and accessories thereof | 1,684,467 | 0.10 | 2,944,900 | -42.80 |
| 91 | Clocks and watches and parts thereof | 50,911 | 0.00 | 86,163 | -40.91 |
| 92 | Musical instruments; parts and accessories of such articles | 18,711 | 0.00 | 15,103 | 23.89 |
| 94 | Furniture; bedding, mattresses, mattress supports, cushions and similar stuffed furnishings; lamps and lighting fittings, not elsewhere specified or included; illuminated sign illuminated nameplates and the like; prefabricated buildings | 96,033 | 0.01 | 20,580 | 366.63 |
| 95 | Toys, games and sports requisites; parts and accessories thereof | 52,796 | 0.00 | 17,569 | 200.51 |
| 96 | Miscellaneous manufactured articles | 35,359 | 0.00 | 1,643 | 2,052.10 |
| SS | Classified | 0 | 0.00 | 62 480 | -100.00 |
Russia’s Imports from Singapore
The major share of Russian imports from Singapore in 2021 (and in 2020) was accounted for the following product types:
- Machinery, equipment and vehicles (HS codes 84-90) - 53.41% of Russia’s total imports from Singapore (59.18% in 2020);
- Chemical products (HS codes 28-40) - 39.13% of Russia’s total imports from Singapore (23.60% in 2020);
- Food products and agricultural raw materials (HS codes 01-24) - 4.50% of Russia’s total imports from Singapore (8.78% in 2020);
- Metals and products from them (HS codes 72-83) - 1.34% of Russia’s total imports from Singapore (3.97% in 2020);
- Mineral products (HS codes 25-27) - 0.74% of Russia’s total imports from Singapore (4.00% in 2020).
The largest gains in Russia’s imports from Singapore in 2021 over 2020 were recorded for the following product groups:
- Pharmaceutical products (HS code 30) - an increase of $60,075,204;
- Miscellaneous chemical products (HS code 38) - an increase of $36,825,552;
- Ships, boats and floating structures (HS code 89) - an increase of $28,157,415;
- Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound recorders and reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts and accessories of such articles (HS code 85) - an increase of $16,341,931;
- Plastics and articles thereof (HS code 39) - an increase of $9,580,341;
- Rubber and articles thereof (HS code 40) - an increase of $4,066,256;
- Natural or cultured pearls, precious or semi-precious stones,precious metals, metals clad with precious metal and articles thereof; imitation jewelry; coin (HS code 71) - an increase of $3,855,312;
- Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery, cosmetic or toilet preparations (HS code 33) - an increase of $2,303,553.
The largest declines in Russia’s imports from Singapore in 2021 over 2020 were recorded for the following product groups:
- Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof (HS code 84) - a decrease of $32,529,246;
- Cocoa and cocoa preparations (HS code 18) - a decrease of $17,989,956;
- Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminous substances; mineral waxes (HS code 27) - a decrease of $16,587,545;
- Articles of iron or steel (HS code 73) - a decrease of $13,644,518;
- Optical, photographic, cinematographic, measuring, checking, precision, medical or surgical instruments and apparatus; parts and accessories thereof (HS code 90) - a decrease of $3,087,956.
| HS code |
Name of product group | Value of imports in 2021, US dollars ($) |
Percent share in total import | Value of imports in 2020, US dollars ($) |
Percent change in 2021 over 2020 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01 | Live animals | 4,350 | 0.00 | 820 | 430.49 |
| 03 | Fish and crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates | 103,832 | 0.02 | 477,731 | -78.27 |
| 05 | Products of animal origin, not elsewhere specified or included | 769 | 0.00 | 838 | -8.23 |
| 06 | Live trees and other plants; bulbs, roots and the like; cut flowers and ornamental foliage | 58,736 | 0.01 | 40,960 | 43.40 |
| 09 | Coffee, tea, maté and spices | 127,189 | 0.02 | 71,183 | 78.68 |
| 11 | Products of the milling industry; malt; starches; inulin; wheat gluten | 5,952 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 13 | Lac; gums, resins and other vegetable saps and extracts | 12,213 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 14 | Vegetable plaiting materials; vegetable products not elsewhere specified or included | 13,651 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 15 | Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their cleavage products prepared edible fats; animal or vegetable waxes | 4,070,621 | 0.68 | 5,131,716 | -20.68 |
| 17 | Sugars and sugar confectionery | 165,683 | 0.03 | 112,205 | 47.66 |
| 18 | Cocoa and cocoa preparations | 21,212,300 | 3.53 | 39,202,256 | -45.89 |
| 19 | Preparations of cereals, flour, starch or milk; bakers’ wares | 640,279 | 0.11 | 373,983 | 71.21 |
| 20 | Preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts or other parts of plants | 526,912 | 0.09 | 501,261 | 5.12 |
| 21 | Miscellaneous edible preparations | 87,728 | 0.01 | 215,881 | -59.36 |
| 22 | Beverages, spirits and vinegar | 0 | 0.00 | 25,271 | -100.00 |
| 25 | Salt; sulfur; earths and stone; plastering materials, lime and cement | 256 | 0.00 | 137 | 86.86 |
| 27 | Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminous substances; mineral waxes | 4,433,861 | 0.74 | 21,021,406 | -78.91 |
| 28 | Inorganic chemicals; organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, of rare-earth metals,of radioactive elements or of isotopes | 132,248 | 0.02 | 311,609 | -57.56 |
| 29 | Organic chemicals | 2,211,167 | 0.37 | 3,462,432 | -36.14 |
| 30 | Pharmaceutical products | 112,890,243 | 18.78 | 52,815,039 | 113.75 |
| 31 | Fertilizers | 0 | 0.00 | 19 | -100.00 |
| 32 | Tanning or dyeing extracts; dyes, pigments, paints, varnishes, putty and mastics | 13,562,234 | 2.26 | 14,372,178 | -5.64 |
| 33 | Essential oils and resinoids; perfumery, cosmetic or toilet preparations | 5,786,938 | 0.96 | 3,483,385 | 66.13 |
| 34 | Soap, organic surface-active agents, washing preparations, lubricating preparations, artificial waxes, prepared waxes, polishing or scouring preparations, candles and similar articles, modeling pastes, "dental waxes" and dental preparations with a basis of plaster | 3,042,755 | 0.51 | 3,038,227 | 0.15 |
| 35 | Albuminoidal substances; modified starches; glues; enzymes | 478,175 | 0.08 | 152,686 | 213.18 |
| 38 | Miscellaneous chemical products | 50,863,595 | 8.46 | 14,038,043 | 262.33 |
| 39 | Plastics and articles thereof | 36,899,668 | 6.14 | 27,319,327 | 35.07 |
| 40 | Rubber and articles thereof | 9,141,373 | 1.52 | 5,075,117 | 80.12 |
| 41 | Raw hides and skins (other than furskins) and leather | 3,320 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 42 | Articles of leather; saddlery and harness; travel goods, handbags and similar containers; articles of animal gut (other than silkworm gut) | 15,386 | 0.00 | 3,078 | 399.87 |
| 44 | Wood and articles of wood; wood charcoal | 242,724 | 0.04 | 181,051 | 34.06 |
| 45 | Cork and articles of cork | 207 | 0.00 | 69 | 200.00 |
| 48 | Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, of paper or of paperboard | 188,658 | 0.03 | 1,256,593 | -84.99 |
| 49 | Printed books, newspapers, pictures and other products of the printing industry; manuscripts, typescripts and plans | 143,636 | 0.02 | 89,962 | 59.66 |
| 54 | Man-made filaments | 429 | 0.00 | 63,228 | -99.32 |
| 56 | Wadding, felt and nonwovens; special yarns, twine, cordage, ropes and cables and articles thereof | 78,148 | 0.01 | 73,498 | 6.33 |
| 58 | Special woven fabrics; tufted textile fabrics; lace, tapestries; trimmings; embroidery | 862 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 59 | Impregnated, coated, covered or laminated textile fabrics; textile articles of a kind suitable for industrial use | 1,213 | 0.00 | 333 | 264.26 |
| 61 | Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, knitted or crocheted | 48,834 | 0.01 | 1,399 | 3,390.64 |
| 63 | Other made up textile articles; sets; worn clothing and worn textile articles; rags | 6,610 | 0.00 | 4,916 | 34.46 |
| 66 | Umbrellas, sun umbrellas, walking sticks, seatsticks, whips, riding-crops and parts thereof | 0 | 0.00 | 238 | -100.00 |
| 67 | Prepared feathers and down and articles made of feathers or of down; artificial flowers; articles of human hair | 0 | 0.00 | 38,038 | -100.00 |
| 68 | Articles of stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, mica or similar materials | 450,218 | 0.07 | 109,907 | 309.64 |
| 69 | Ceramic products | 27,529 | 0.00 | 48,958 | -43.77 |
| 70 | Glass and glassware | 69,372 | 0.01 | 75,917 | -8.62 |
| 71 | Natural or cultured pearls, precious or semi-precious stones,precious metals, metals clad with precious metal and articles thereof; imitation jewelry; coin | 3,894,376 | 0.65 | 39,064 | 9,869.22 |
| 72 | Iron and steel | 320,819 | 0.05 | 266,054 | 20.58 |
| 73 | Articles of iron or steel | 3,861,758 | 0.64 | 17,506,276 | -77.94 |
| 74 | Copper and articles thereof | 238,597 | 0.04 | 277,278 | -13.95 |
| 75 | Nickel and articles thereof | 185,778 | 0.03 | 334,043 | -44.39 |
| 76 | Aluminum and articles thereof | 30,191 | 0.01 | 83,851 | -63.99 |
| 78 | Lead and articles thereof | 453 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| 79 | Zinc and articles thereof | 0 | 0.00 | 962 | -100.00 |
| 81 | Other base metals; cermets; articles thereof | 113,241 | 0.02 | 261,694 | -56.73 |
| 82 | Tools, implements, cutlery, spoons and forks, of base metal; parts thereof of base metal | 1,013,108 | 0.17 | 459,673 | 120.40 |
| 83 | Miscellaneous articles of base metal | 2,289,596 | 0.38 | 1,659,655 | 37.96 |
| 84 | Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof | 67,728,746 | 11.27 | 100,257,992 | -32.45 |
| 85 | Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound recorders and reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts and accessories of such articles | 123,814,877 | 20.60 | 107,472,946 | 15.21 |
| 86 | Railway or tramway locomotives, rolling-stock and parts thereof; railway or tramway track fixtures and fittings and parts thereof; mechanical (including electro-mechanical) traffic signalling equipment of all kinds | 6,191 | 0.00 | 207,427 | -97.02 |
| 87 | Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling stock, and parts and accessories thereof | 1,690,968 | 0.28 | 803,320 | 110.50 |
| 89 | Ships, boats and floating structures | 28,157,415 | 4.68 | 0 | ∞ |
| 90 | Optical, photographic, cinematographic, measuring, checking, precision, medical or surgical instruments and apparatus; parts and accessories thereof | 99,374,181 | 16.53 | 102,462,137 | -3.01 |
| 91 | Clocks and watches and parts thereof | 314 | 0.00 | 2,680 | -88.28 |
| 92 | Musical instruments; parts and accessories of such articles | 0 | 0.00 | 6,739 | -100.00 |
| 94 | Furniture; bedding, mattresses, mattress supports, cushions and similar stuffed furnishings; lamps and lighting fittings, not elsewhere specified or included; illuminated sign illuminated nameplates and the like; prefabricated buildings | 120,266 | 0.02 | 133,904 | -10.18 |
| 95 | Toys, games and sports requisites; parts and accessories thereof | 0 | 0.00 | 248,286 | -100.00 |
| 96 | Miscellaneous manufactured articles | 39,708 | 0.01 | 140,792 | -71.80 |
| 97 | Works of art, collectors’ pieces and antiques | 1,862 | 0.00 | 0 | ∞ |
| SS | Classified | 0 | 0.00 | 1 935 | -100.00 |